2.3. Synthesis of 2-(2-(Morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide (4) To a solution of compound 3 (0.01 M, 2.89 g) in methanol (60 mL), 99% hydrazine hydrate (1 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid thus obtained was filtered, washed with cold water and recrystallized with ethanol to obtain the compound 4. 2.4. General procedure for synthesis of 1-{(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl}-2-(morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazoles (5a-r) An equimolar mixture of compound 4 (0.001 M) and substituted carboxylic acid in phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) was refluxed for 8–12 h. Then reaction mixture was cooled, poured into ice-cold water and neutralized with 20% w/v NaHCO3 solution. …show more content…
The animals were fasted for 24 h before the experiment with free access to water and were treated orally with two equal doses of either indomethacin (10 mg Kg-1 b.w.) or the test compounds (50 mg Kg-1 b.w.) at 0 and 12 h intervals, except the control group, which received 0.5% w/v CMC. After the drug treatment, the rats were fed a normal diet for 17 h and then sacrificed. The stomach was removed and opened along the greater curvature, washed with distilled water and cleaned gently by dipping in normal saline. The mucosal damage was examined by means of a microscope with a 4 × magnifying lens. The mucosal damage in each stomach was assessed according to the following scoring system: [{0.5 for redness; 1.0 for spot ulcers; 1.5 for hemorrhagic streaks; 2.0 for ulcers more than 3 but less than 5; 3.0 for more than five ulcers}. The mean score of each treated group minus the mean score of control group was regarded as severity index of gastric mucosal …show more content…
After the evaluation of stomach for ulcers, the gastric mucosa of glandular portion was scrapped with the help of two glass slides, weighed (100 mg) and homogenized in 1 mL of a 0.15 M, ice cold potassium chloride (KCl) solution and centrifuged at 3,000 RPM for 10 minutes (REMI centrifuge). 1 mL of suspension was taken from the above tissue homogenate in test tube and 0.5 mL of 30% w/v TCA (trichloroacetic acid) was added to it, followed by 0.5 mL of 0.8% w/v TBA (thiobarbituric acid) reagent. The tubes were then covered with aluminium foil and kept in water bath for 30 minutes at 80 °C. After 30 minutes, tubes were taken out and kept in ice-cold water for 30 minutes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes (R-BC DX REMI centrifuge). The absorbance of the supernatant was read in spectrophotometer (UV-1601, SHIMADZU) at 540 nm against blank. Blank consisted of 1 mL distilled water, 0.5 mL of 30% w/v TCA and 0.5 mL of 0.8% w/v TBA. The results were expressed as nM of MDA (malondialdehyde) formed /hr/ mg of
Due to the this procedure we know that the digestive system functions with an alliance to the salivary gland, In the beginning of digestion the gland releases saliva, which contains amylase, to form the food into a based elementary molecule. It would help continue the next stride of digestion, due to the fact that the low pH levels of hydrochloric acid it alienates the function of amylase which helped us understand how amylase behave under precise variables (pH levels,
6. Effectiveness of conventional treatment and herbal treatment in diabetic foot ulcer using Texas and Wagner wound scale 6.1 Introduction In any diabetic foot ulcer the wound should be classified before any interventions. University of Texas wound classification of stage and grading scale helps to categories the wound for the purpose of treatment outcome. This classification explains the advancement in the treatment of DFU.
For this experiment 8% pepsin solution was used as the average of the secretion of pepsin in the gastric juice per meal is about 8% to 18%. For this task is will be investigated the effect of different pH levels on pepsin activity using the protein egg
In order to reduce inflammation and irritation, bismuth subsalicylate inhibits the secretion of prostaglandin. It also coats secretory glands to slow the fluid secretions that go to the digestive system’s irritated tissues. When using Pepto-Bismol, do not exceed 8 doses in a 24-hour period or 4 doses in a 24-hour period when using Pepto-Bismol Max. There is no need to use this product after pain is relieved. It is best
The researchers correlated the scores with the health
G-cells produce gastrin which is a hormone that enables the production the production of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells. An animal’s stomach is protected by epithelial cells, which produce and secrete a bicarbonate-rich solution that coats the mucosa. The bicarbonate is a base that neutralizes the acid secreted by parietal cells, producing water in the process. Your stomach protects itself from auto digestion which is organs being digested by stomach acid, due to the continuous supply of bicarbonate.
The purpose of this experiment is to assess which type of analgesic, over the counter, medication will have a significant impact on the stomach pH. Many people use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) primarily to treat inflammation, relieve pain, etc. Analgesic medications such as Naproxen Aleve, Motrin 800, Nuprin Advil, and Tylenol utilized in this experiment are widely used by the community to treat headaches, menstrual cramps, arthritis, injuries, etc. The most prevalent side effects are vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, drowsiness, and headache. Since these analgesic drugs upset the stomach, they presumably acidify the stomach pH. Occasionally, some of the stomach acid could escape into the esophageal. Due to the fact that the esophagus
The purpose of this experiment was to identify the two components of an unknown mixture through diverse experimental techniques such as recrystallization, extraction, melting point, and acid-base reactions. From this, the group to which these two compounds belong to had to be determined. These groups are: Carboxylic Acids, phenols, and neutrals. By determining the melting points of the two unknown compounds, these values were compared to the values of melting points in the chart and the proper compound was selected. For the case of this experiment, the unknown mixture contained, 4-methylbenzoic acid.
The base and acid reacts with each other producing water in the process. This the main way the stomach can be protected from being auto-digesting or digesting itself. ("How does your stomach keep from digesting itself? | HowStuffWorks," n.d.) The mucous doesn’t get digested as it secrets the hydrochloric acid because the pH within the parietal cells remain neutral.
Introduction Camphor is the natural product of Camphora officinarum which mainly distributes in Asia especially in Japan and China.1Actually, since the dawn of civilization, this molecule has been known for its strong smell and the use of camphor has an extensive and long-valued history.2, 3 In ancient time, it was used for medical use in China and in Japan it was also applied in framework to make it lighter and in inks because of solubility in pigments.2-4 In Europe, it was applied to preserve wood and deterrent insect. Additionally, during outbreaks of some diseases in Europe such as Black Death and smallpox, camphor was used as a fumigant.3 Camphor was also used in ritual in India due to its nonirritant property.3 It is considered to be a molecule that changed the world because it is so multifunctional that strongly influences human’s life.2 Moreover, with the development of scientific research, the demand for camphor keeps increasing because camphor’s application is extended in many new fields including medicine
The vital role of stomach acid Chapter 14 section 1 Noopur Rajendra Grade – 11AA 25/04/2016 Ms. Sara Kassem Sharjah American International School Discuss the role of hydrochloric acid in the digestion of foods. Point out how excess acid contributes to the discomfort known as indigestion. Explain how the stomach secretes a mucous layer, which protects it from being damaged by the hydrochloric acid it produces. Abstract Hydrochloric acid, which is also called HCl, is a highly corrosive acid.
INTRODUCTION This assignment is about the study of the effect of agonist and different concentration on guinea pig ileum and it will consist of method, graph results and discussion. Drug is defined as a chemical that has both biological and pharmacological effects on human. Its branch is pharmacology which can be divided into two branches namely pharmacodynamics and pharmaco kinetics. (C. Stephen and W. Robin (2010)) Pharmaco dynamic is about what drug does to the body and pharmaco kinetics is the study of what the body does to the drug.
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Mucoadhesion is due to strong interaction between chemical groups of polymers and mucosal lining of the tissues. Mucin, the principal component of mucus, is responsible for the gel-like properties of the mucus. Mucin, basically glycoproteins, which consist of a protein core covalently attached over its length with carbohydrate chains. Mucus helps in protecting the tissues from chemical and mechanical damages using its lubrication properties. Mucoadhesive interactions achieved mainly by hydrogen bonding of carboxyl, hydroxyl and other hydrogen bonding groups between glycoprotein and mucin.1 Transmucosal delivery of therapeutic agents attained much attention compared to other methods of drug delivery in recent days.
All solvents are pesticide residue (PR) grade and were purchased from SDFCL Fine Che-Limited. Dichloromethane (DCM), acetone, hexane (HPLC grade), sodium chloride (AR grade) were procured from SDFCL Fine Che-Limited. Analytical standards of 4, 4, DDT and HCH were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Laborchemikalien GmbH. The standard solutions (1.0 μg/mL) of individual and the mixture of organochlorine pesticides were prepared in hexane. Millipore Milli-Q purified water was used throughout the experiment.
An organ bath experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of agonist, histamine on guinea pig ileum (GPI) and how the antagonists, mepyramine and SIPBSDrug A affect the GPI’s response (smooth muscle contractions). A GPI simulation was conducted to compare the potencies and nature of antagonists against histamine. The control Rmax and EC50 of histamine without antagonist were 16.49gms and 2.093 x 10-7M respectively. The concentration-response curves were shifted to right parallelly and EC50 increased while Rmax remained constant when mepyramine or SIPBSDrug A was added. Besides, both antagonists showed linear graphs in Schild plot, indicating that they acted as reversible competitive antagonists.