The “loose association” among the Seminole bands and disagreements among members within the bands gave rise to many unknowns about the intentions behind those who signed the treaty, and those Seminoles in Florida who refused to accept the authority of the chiefs who travelled to the Indian Territory. Furthermore, the African Americans among the Seminoles, including Abraham, were convinced that moving to the Indian Territory, where the Creeks occupied the land, risked re-enslavement. Like many white planters, the Creeks persisted with federal claims on escaped slaves who sought refuge among the Seminoles. The African Americans, Abraham among them, fearing this, worked hard at convincing the Seminole Indians to oppose removal. Abraham insisted that the Seminoles get separate lands from the Creeks to reduce, if not eliminate, Creek claims on the Black Seminoles being their own property. Eventually, refusal to accept the treaty also came from the company of Seminoles who traveled to the Indian Territory because they claimed they were tricked or at least forced to sign the contract under duress. With the universal rejection of the treaty, this created a situation for the federal government to enforce the treaty militarily. Fear of reprisals from the Indians who remained in Florida fueled …show more content…
One of the decisive factors in resistance was the presence and the peculiar position of the African Americans among the Indians. Some of the Black Seminoles, such as Abraham, who were recent runaways from servitude among the whites, feared that attempts by the Indians to leave Florida with their African American members would cause white slave owners to reclaim their human property including long-time freed
The tribes, Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole, had to evacuate their territory so their land could be traded which was unfair because they had no consent. President Jackson had fought the Indians in many wars and was a strong opponent to them. He felt that signing this act was a fair exchange of land, although the Indians had to move and give up their land. Determination; This made President
Chief Osceola was a person who loved his tribe. He wanted them to have many rights. When Andrew Jackson invaded Florida, he was willing to fight for his tribe’s place in the state. Osceola objected the U.S.’s offer to buy the Seminole lands in Florida. But when the U.S. gave them the option to adopt the white ways, that did it without hesitation.
Settlers were against any treaties that didn’t include either the “extermination of the Seminoles or the relocation of all surviving Indians to the west. Any attempts by the army officers to make peace that would allow the Seminoles to remain in Florida was opposed by settlers and whenever possible they attempted to persuade Congress to accept nothing less than relocation. This is shown by the memorial the citizens of St John sent to Congress in 1841. They sent the message as a response to rumors of a treaty with the Seminoles which would allow the Seminoles to keep living in Florida. The settlers made it clear that they were against the treaty.
Having ratified the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1821, the United States officially purchased Florida from Spain. Taking control, American officials concluded the Treaty of Moultrie Creek two years later which established a large reservation in central Florida for the Seminoles. By 1827, the majority of the Seminoles had moved to the reservation and Fort King (Ocala) was constructed nearby under the guidance of Colonel Duncan L. Clinch. Though the next five years were largely peaceful, some began to call for the Seminoles to be relocated west of the Mississippi River. This was partially driven by issues revolving around the Seminoles providing sanctuary for escaped slaves.
The Act led to an array of legal and moral arguments for and against the need to relocate the Indians westward from the agriculturally productive lands of the Mississippi in Georgia and parts of Alabama. This paper compares and contrasts the major arguments for and against the
Not wanting to migrate west because of the Upper Creeks, the Seminole tribe fought and killed to keep their roots planted. Eventually coming to the battle of the second Seminole war. After the loss of many men, the war ended and many Native Americans were sent to reservations in the west.
During the Seminole Wars, blacks fought fiercely against the U.S to avoid going back to white plantations and fall back into slavery. The considerable amount of blacks with in the Seminole Nation were all seen as runaway slave and a significant threat by white southerners.
Before the Manitoulin Treaty of 1862 the Anishinaabe people had occupied the island of Manitoulin for an immeasurable amount of time, living in relative isolation from colonialists with their own customs and traditions utilizing the entirety of the land. Their economic and agricultural practices, along with their nomadic lifestyle of moving throughout the island in accordance to optimal living conditions, resulted in an independent and self-sufficient people who respected the environment and all of creation. However, after the treaty came into effect in 1862 and the provisions of the document were implemented, the people were forcefully assimilated into nineteenth century English society through cultural integration tactics that disenfranchised
Early in the 19th century, while the rapidly-growing United States expanded further into the South, white settlers faced what they considered an obstacle. This area was home to the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicasaw and Seminole groups. These Indian nations, in the view of the settlers and many other white Americans, were in the way of progress. Eager for land so they could raise cotton, the settlers pressured the federal government to take or steal Indian territory. Andrew Jackson, from Tennessee, was a forceful leader in the Indian removal.
During these times of insurrection, white vigilance through terror, torture, and killings increased including bribing African Americans and Indians to do the corrupt work for them. The threat of African Americans aligning with Indians complicated matters for the whites. African Americans among the Indians would achieve freedom easier and would in turn help Indians fortify their defenses against whites who sought a policy of removing Indians west of the Mississippi River. The reluctance of many African Americans to leave Florida or separate from the Seminoles was intensified by their importance as food suppliers to the Indians, and they also had a special attachment to the land they cleared, tilled, and planted crops in Florida for decades that more rights and privileges under Spanish and British rule gave them. Consequently Seminole Indian unwillingness to return to Creek authority control in Oklahoma, from whom they had continuously separated for many decades, were important considerations to resist removal for both African Americans and Seminoles.
The seminole chief at the time was Chief Neamathla he tried to change to course of the war. Chief john ross lead a protest against jackson 's treaty land promised to natives were taken away and they were sent to camps. The aftermath of the indian removal act was just as devastating as the act itself only 2% of the native population remained left this act was a major setback to the natives which now life in poverty and low employment. Most of the native population lives on reservations and many native americans suffer still affects of the
Because of the official and unofficial military expeditions into the Spanish territory, Spain ceded Florida to the U. S. in 1821, according to the terms of the Adams- Onís Treaty. Once the United States officially gained control of Florida, it began pushing the Indians there to leave their homes more and more to relocate with the other southeaster tribes to Indian Territory. They figured that the Indians would be happier if they were with people like them. Some Seminole leaders decided to sign a treaty in 1832, and moved part of the tribe, and they then became known as one of the Five Civilized Tribes.
The Iroquois Confederacy, also named League, is the organization of six tribes, including Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora, which lived in the northeastern woodland and shared common culture and language. In ancient time, the five tribes that are Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, were always fighting to each other. At that time, Deganawidah, a man came from Huron in the north, travelled among the Iroquois and, through roof hole, he saw a man prepared to cook a victim. That man, later in his lodge, met Deganawidah and was persuaded by the powerful words of righteousness and peace from Deganawidah. As a result, he helped to spread Deganawidah’s message as a loyal follower who Deganawidah named Hiawatha meaning
xIs it wrong to kick someone out of their own home when they didn’t do anything wrong? The Cherokee was in that same situation. The Cherokees’ situation was just like taking a cell phone ,which is dear to a human, away. They were kicked off their own land. They had done nothing too bad, but the Georgians wanted them to leave.
The government tried to force assimilation on Native Americans as well as an attempt to “kill the indian, save the man.” These ideas and policies are similar to those popular during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Jackson developed a sense of ‘paternalism’ towards indians and believed he was saving them by forcing them to live out west of the Mississippi river away from white culture. The difference was that Jackson did not believe in assimilation of indians into white culture, he believed they should be kept separate. With the help of the Federal government removing indians from land west of the Mississippi, Americans were