In today’s world, many people tend to have a set of ethical principles which is one of the guidelines for them to follow on. The question is how he or she defines ethics? To answer, Ethics is best defined as knowing what is right or wrong in the action based on the moral principles. Moreover, it is also known as the branch of knowledge that deals with ethical issues. In relation, there are some ethical theories which deal with the ethical issues. The consequentialist theorist can be taken as an example. Consequentialist theories are a theory in which it is based on the consequences of an action. Based on the movie assignment, The Island, there are some major views that the consequentialist theories have on the movie. One of the major …show more content…
So, what is act utilitarianism? Act utilitarianism is best defined as a value of consequences of the act when it is determining whether it is the right act and if it brings about the greatest good consequences for all. In addition, for most act utilitarian’s, they do think that even though telling the truth is a moral action , but if it brings about the greatest good for everyone from immoral acts, it can be considered as ethically moral or immoral in the eyes of the law based on situations. From the observations of the movie, the Island, an act utilitarian would view this movie based on the different situations that takes place. As an example from the movie, the Island, Jordan two delta, known as Scarlett Johansson which is the clone, in the outer world has made the right act based on the consequences in which she diversified the mind of the working policemen by saying “open the door “while holding up a gun and the military officer, Albert Laurent shoots two of the working policemen in the isolation of the outer world in order to save the lives of the lottery winner people who is caught inside the door while suffocating to death. The military officer then directs one of the working agents to “open the door “for the people. In this situation, an act utilitarian would view the situation based on bad consequences which encounters and then considers the situation as self-defence for others or moral obligatory in …show more content…
Rule utilitarianism is best defined as an action is right if it conforms to a rule that leads to greatest good or that the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is the correctness of the rule itself. Besides these, a rule utilitarianism person would think the consequences first before any action is to be taken by him or her. So as to relate to the movie assignment, The Island, the rule utilitarian would view this film based on the situations which takes place. From the observations on the movie, there was an incident in which Lincoln six echoes, the clone and the actual Tom Lincoln were both in the same car travelling to see the President of the U.S. regarding the issues that happened in the outer world. While driving, Tom Lincoln says to the clone, “it’s a red.” After a few seconds he says again “it’s a red, red, red, red light” to the Lincoln six echoes who is unaware of the situation while driving. “Stop the car” and so he stopped the car on time. He said to the clone, Lincoln six echoes “always stop at red lights”. According to rule utilitarian’s, the rule utilitarian views this situations as one of the rule to be followed if one is to have better consequences compared to the actions in the future. Another example from the movie itself is when Lincoln six echoes friend, James “Mac” McCord also known as Steve Buscemi had helped them listed down the names for them in Los
The alternative option of charging Samantha with a DUI according to act utilitarianism would cause a significant adverse effect. Charging Samantha with a DUI would cause Judge Robertson to turn against the entire police force and would likely result in fellow police officers mistreating Officer Jankowski. Officer Jankowski though would feel good about his choice of charging Samantha because it is the law and his duty. In addition this choice kept Samantha safe, and possibly other drivers safe. In this scenario Officer Jankowski causes the most harm to the audience.
It states that an action which is deemed right is one that has not merely some good consequences, but also the greatest amount of good consequences possible when the negative consequences are also given due considerations. According to the utilitarian principle, the righteousness of an action is solely judged on the basis of its consequences. Classical utilitarianism determines the balance of pleasure and pain for each individual affected by the action in question as well as the amount of utility for the whole
Ethical theories are ways of telling right from wrong and include guidelines of how to live and act in an ethical way. For example when faced with a difficult situation in your life, you can use ethical theories to assist you in making the right decision. One key theory is consequentialism, which says that an individual’s correct moral response is related to the outcome/ consequence of the act and not its intentions/ motives. Early writers on this theory were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, a modern writer is Peter Singer. For example Brenda Grey has asked for the asthma specialist to visit her weekly, and to decide if this is necessary the professionals involved have to look at how it would affect her wellbeing.
Developing from the reasoning of (Russ Shafer-Landau, p.p 13), it is clear that there is a difference between normative ethics and metaethics. Normative ethics are those values that develop from within a personality and are always employed whenever ethics are breached. On the other hand the metaethics is basically the diverse elements that are considered crucial for building positive ethical believes. (Shafer-Landau, p.p 29), also brings forward other moral ethical elements such as the moral error theory, the desire-satisfaction theory, ethical particularism and the doctrine of double effects. All the above elements are crucial for shaping ones ethical perspectives and inclinations leave alone resolving ethical issues within a society.
Consequentialism is based more around the consequence and final result of the actions. In our text book, Ethical Reasoning, it states that in consequentialism, “consequences count, not motives or intentions” (Pence, 2011). Non-consequentialism is based around the intention of one’s doing, regardless of the consequences. A particular action may be good for a business but not good for society or ones health. An example of this would be pharmaceutical companies raising the cost for medicine, this cause many patients to suffer or not be able to afford the medication they need.
As we know consequentialism is the focus of an action that does more intrinsically good than bad, one kind of consequentialist theory is utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an action that produces consequences that are more good over bad for everyone involved. In order to produce an action that is the best one a utilitarianist would consider both long and short term effects. Two sub categories of utilitarianism include act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. act utilitarianism bases an action on the overall well being produced by an individual.
The variation between the two is that act utilitarianism states that an action is correct only when it brings good to the situation verses any other choice you could have made. Rule utilitarianism states that an action is correct if we followed the given rules that were made in order to have the greatest chance of achieving the most amount of
Contagion, a film released in 2011, is a great example of Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a theory that promotes the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The movie’s strength lies with the characters and the way they portray a utilitarian view. In this film, many doctors and experts in disease control are desperately looking for a cure for an unknown disease that has spread through the world killing hundreds of thousands of people. Knowing that the virus could potentially kill off the entire population of the world, the CDC and its employees worked day and night for months and months to come up with a vaccination to health the vast majority of the population.
A main objection to act utilitarianism is that it can be impossible to determine the scope, intensity, and/or the duration of the action. People cannot possibly predict every single outcome that will come from an action and the affect it will have for sure. Another objection to act utilitarianism is that it makes people rely to heavily on morals when making their decision. This turns even the simplest decision into some complicated process that is not needed. For example, people do not need to look at the intensity when they are deciding what chips to buy at the grocery store, they can simply just choose the one they like best.
Bernard Williams’ essay, A Critique of Utilitarianism, launches a rather scathing criticism of J. J. C. Smart’s, An Outline of a System of Utilitarian ethics. Even though Williams claims his essay is not a direct response to Smart’s paper, the manner in which he constantly refers to Smart’s work indicates that Smart’s version of Utilitarianism, referred to as act-Utilitarianism, is the main focus of Williams’ critique. Smart illustrates the distinction between act-Utilitarianism and rule-Utilitarianism early on in his work. He says that act-Utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of an action depends on the total goodness of an action’s consequences.
Commonly, ethical systems are categorized into two major systems. The deontological approaches or normative ethical position which judges an action based on the adherence of the action to certain rules and the teleological approaches which judges primarily based on the consequences of an action (Hare, 1964). The Utilitarianism is assigned to the teleological approaches, as it does not evaluate an action by itself but by it’s
Utilitarian suggest that we make our moral decisions from the position of a benevolent, disinterested spectator. Rather than thinking about
As per this theory the outcome of any action should minimize the pain and maximize the pleasure. The utilitarianism have two groups one is the Act utilitarian’s focun on the effects of individual actions (Such as Nathuram Godse’s assassination of Mahatma Gandhi) and another is rule utilitarian’s those focus on the effects of types of actions (such as killing or stealing) Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the amount of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the amount of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness). They reject moral codes or systems that consist of commands or taboos that are based on customs, traditions, or orders given by leaders
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory based on the idea that an action is moral if it causes the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. The theory is concerned with predicted consequences or outcomes of a situation rather than focusing on what is done to get to the outcome. There are many forms of utilitarianism, having been introduced by Jeremy Bentham (act utilitarianism), and later being updated by scholars such as J.S. Mill (rule utilitarianism) and Peter Singer (preference utilitarianism). When referring to issues of business ethics, utilitarianism can allow companies to decide what to do in a given situation based on a simple calculation. Many people would agree that this idea of promoting goodness
The three different versions of Utilitarianism are, Act, Rule, and Preference Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism states that a person’s act is right if and only if it produces as many