After reading all the passages contained in “The Black Church” by Marilyn Mellows I quickly decided to write about “Origins and Abolition”. Perhaps, it was the fact that each of the aforementioned passages included historical references to Philadelphia. I am always interested in the role that Philadelphia played in shaping the course of African American history. These passages illuminate the individuals that charted new paths as slaves persevered and fought defiantly as they marched towards freedom.
Origins, is a brief but succinct description that outlines the plight of Africans that departed their kingdoms on the coastline of Congo and arrived in Jamestown, Virginia as slaves. Upon arrival, the slaves were taught religious precepts, baptized
Whereas our ancestors (not by choice) were the first successful cultivators of the wilds of America, we their descendants feel ourselves entitled to participate in the blessings of her luxuriant soil. – Richard Allen” This quote has a meaning of that African Americans have been in America for as long as we can remember. Richard Allen was an important black religious leader who paved the way during the 1700s. He led and founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church and The Free African Society. Allen was and still is the leading figure in events that produced the independent black church movement and is an influential figure to all African Americans today.
Allen Dwight Callahan’s The Talking Book: African Americans and the Bible connects biblical stories and images to the politics, music and, religion, the book shows how important the Bible is to black culture. African Americans first came to know the Bible because of slavery and at that time the religious groups would read it to them instead of teaching them by letting them encounter it for themselves. Later the Bibles stories became the source of spirituals and songs, and after the Civil War motivation for learning to read. Allen Callahan traces the Bible culture that developed during and following enslavement. He identifies the most important biblical images for African Americans, Exile, Exodus, Ethiopia, and Emmanuel and discusses their recurrence and the relationship they have with African Americans and African American culture.
The Emancipation Debate by Ira Berlin Ira Berlin provides a different alternative to the transformation of many women and men from property to person. Berlin illustrates the journey of black people and how they moved from slavery to freedom. Berlin argues that slaves freed themselves which is contrary to other historians’ accounts who believe that Abraham Lincoln was responsible for the beginning of liberty. President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, many historians believe culminated to the abolition of slavery.
The primarily focus of this paper is to address the studies of the African-American views, conflict, and treatments from the Southern states following The Civil War. Documents include “Black Codes of the State of Mississippi” and the “Address of the Colored Convention to the People of Alabama”. These documents provide shaped rules, laws, and statutes for black society among whites. Between the years of, 1865 and 1867, both Alabama and Mississippi took action and state their thoughts towards the end of slavery in the United States.
In the black church which was created and ran by the women of the church, the people were taught how to handle money, speak in public, and work for the less fortunate. The church provided places for the people to talk, maintain bonds with each other, and worked in problem solving tasks in a supportive atmosphere. Some of the earliest black religious church leaders were Bishop Richard Allen. He was highly considered to be the “Father of the Black Church”. Richard Allen was the creator of the African Methodist Church in 1760.
Subsequent to development the Northwest Ordinance owning and selling slaves became illegal and therefore free slaves gained the ability to control their own labor and property(Doc B ). They are consequently free to work, produce, consume, and invest in any way that they pleases as long as it’s within the perimeter of the law(Doc B ). The ability of blacks to obtain paid jobs, even though it wasn’t probable for them to obtain well paid jobs due to racism, indicates that they were then able to build upon their wealth, just like any free white man in the North(Doc B ). African Americans and their descendants were also permitted to gather freely without the presence of a white overseer who would restrict their ability to speak freely(Doc D ). Within a church of their own, blacks were able to congregate to not only pray but also to fight for their social rights, receive an education, shelter fugitive slaves, get married, and be buried(Doc D ).
Professor Khalil Girban Muhammad gave an understanding of the separate and combined influences that African Americans and Whites had in making of present day urban America. Muhammad’s lecture was awakening, informative and true, he was extremely objective and analytical in his ability to scan back and forth across the broad array of positive and negative influences. Muhammad described all the many factors during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries since the abolition of slavery and also gave many examples of how blackness was condemned in American society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Professor Muhammad was able to display how on one hand, initial limitations made blacks seem inferior, and various forms of white prejudice made things worse. But on the other hand, when given the same education and opportunities, there are no differences between black and white achievements and positive contributions to society.
Instead he began to propagate the belief that sharing religion with the slaves would “lay them under stronger obligations to perform the greatest diligence and fidelity”. Though a number of protestant religions moved throughout at the time the Baptist church eventually took ahold of the south to become the most practiced religion. Frey discusses briefly the African culture that made some influence on the lifestyle of the African slaves. Most of the African cultural practices were bogged down or destroyed by the slave owners and American society.
Douglass is relentless when attacking the church, he states, “The American Church is Guilty” (Douglass 1039). This has a slightly taste of irony, because here Douglass, a colored man, is calling out the most “sacred” body of people. It almost as if he was the master and they were the slave now. Next, the main theme expressed by
By using this reference, it illustrated the severity of the alienation of blacks in the Southern United States. In 1619, a Dutch ship “introduced the first captured Africans to America, planting the seeds of a slavery system that evolved into a nightmare of abuse and cruelty that would ultimately divide the nation”. The Africans were not treated humanely, but were treated as workers with no rights. Originally, they were to work for poor white families for seven years and receive land and freedom in return. As the colonies prospered, the colonists did not want to give up their workers and in 1641, slavery was legalized.
Religion and its relationship to slavery is a contradictive subject, whether it was forced upon slaves or was a form of hope and freedom is still commonly debated about to this day. However, these individuals were devoted Christians in the abolitionist movement who all
This introduced the principle that slavery was a sin and an abomination. Ministers in the North preached about the horrors of slavery, especially the slave trade, and that God would seek vengeance on any nation that committed such cruelties. In New York during the year 1810, Reverend William Miller gave a sermon on the abolition of the slave trade stating, “ According to the basis of the christian religion, we are bound to love God with all our soul, and our neighbor as ourselves: but this sacred injunction does not reach the heart of the oppressors of Africans” (Miller 11). This was the very premise for most of the Abolition Movement: thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.
“It [the Harlem Renaissance] was a time of black individualism, a time marked by a vast array of characters whose uniqueness challenged the traditional inability of white Americans to differentiate between blacks.” (Clement Alexander Price). Price’s mentality describes the tradition of American society persecuting African Americans. This reference to tradition forces the audience to consider how this persecution began. African Americans were abducted and forced into slavery.
Jonathan T. Stoner Dr. Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen HT501: The Church’s Understanding of God and Christ in Its Theological Reflection June 9, 2016 CRITICAL RESPONSE # 3: James Cone’s A Black Theology of Liberation James Cone’s black liberation theology was his response to what he and many in the black community saw as the bankruptcy of the theology of white theologians, which was blind to black suffering while knowingly or unknowingly propping up the white-supremacist theology that had been the status quo in the United States since our nation’s founding. In A Black Theology of Liberation, which was his follow-up to God of the Oppressed, he fleshed out his black liberation theology that was rooted in the experience, cultural heritage, and distinctive
This excerpt is extremely important because it makes us better understand the status of African people, subdued by the European nations, and how the concept of slavery was perceived and addressed by