The Phenylalanine/Hydroxycinnamte Pathway
The phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamte pathway: The phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamte pathway starts with metabolism of Phe and called general phenylpropanoid metabolism. The reactions involving formation of hydroxycinnamates and their activated forms (CoA thoesters and 1-O-acylglucosides) fall under the purview of phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamte pathway [Figure 17.3]. First enzyme of hydroxycinnamte pathway is phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; 4.3.1.24) which catalyses the non-oxidative deamination of Phe to trans-cinnamate (first phenylpropane) structure. The trans-cinnamate is further reduced to p-coumarate (4-coumarate) by the action of an NADPH dependent cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (1.14.13.11). This p-coumarate (alternatively called hydroxycinnamate) …show more content…
4. Condensation: It is a sort of side-chain elongation where malonyl CoAs are attached to hydroxycinnamates, CO2 is liberated and acetate unit gets joined and further the output products are flavonoids. [Place Figure 17.3 here] The phenylpropanoid group is one of the most diverse group having great variations in their structure and functions. The colour producing phenylpropanoid products are flavonoids and anthocyanins produced by condensation reactions. Synthesis of flavonoids, anthocyanins and anthocynidins: Flavonoids are coloured compounds imparting colours ranging from red, yellow, scarlet, violet, and blue and so on. There are more than 5000 different known flavonoids. Flavonoids are C15 aglycone skeletons in the arrangement C6-C3-C6 with two aromatic rings connected by a three-carbon bridge. Interestingly, this structure originates of two separate biosynthetic pathways. The bridge and one aromatic ring (ring B) is founded by a phenyl¬propanoid unit biosynthesized from p-coumaryl-CoA (refer formation of p-coumaryl CoA from Phe; above). The six carbons of the other aromatic ring (ring A) originate
Beta Galactosidase Lab Report
494 Words | 2 PagesThe competitive inhibitor that was added was lactose. We predicted this because competitive inhibitors block and bind to the active site so it will slow down the binding of the desired substrate. An alternative hypothesis that came up was that the reaction of substrate would stay consistent as if no inhibitor was added. The enzyme could reject the inhibitor if it does not fit in the active site, causing the substrate to bind as it normally would. Our results showed that with the addition of lactose, the reaction did slow down a considerably
Short Summary: Guajillo
1002 Words | 5 PagesThe catechin term is frequently used to refer to the related of flavonoid compounds. Fisetin It is a flavonol and in many plants is used as coloring
Friedel-Crafts Reaction
679 Words | 3 PagesThe ion, stabilized by resonance, will react with the p-electrons from a double bond in benzene (acting as a nucleophile) and form the cyclohexadienyl cation intermediate and the tetrachloroaluminate anion. The anion then acts as a base to remove a proton from the ring and reform the initial Lewis acid. The ring regains its aromaticity and the product, an aromatic ring with an acyl substituent is fully synthesized.
Anthocyanin Experiment
386 Words | 2 PagesAnthocyanin is a water-soluble pigment that is classified as flavonoids. They provide color to most flowers, fruits and vegetables, including berries, apples, red cabbage, onions, eggplant etc. [3]. The objective of this experiment was to analyze the effects of pH on anthocyanin by using different chemicals.
Gaseous Messenger Research Paper
1402 Words | 6 PagesFigure 1.3 various H2S generating reactions catalyzed by enzymes in the reverse transsulfuration pathway (CBS and CGL) and the cysteine catabolic pathway (CAT/AAT and
Tc Cycle Essay
1788 Words | 8 Pagesb) Discuss the NADH, FADH2, production steps in the TCA cycle and explain the importance of the TCA cycle to function respiratory chain. The citric acid cycle refers to the first components that create during the cycle’s reactions- citrate / in it are protonated form citric acids. However series of reactions known as tricarboxylic acids (TCA) cycles, for three carboxyl groups on its primary 2 intermediates or the kreb cycles, after its discoverer Hans Krebs. Whatever citric cycles is a central driver of cellular respirations, it obtains acetyl co-A produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and originally derived from glucose as its starting material and in a series of redox reactions.
Ketogenic Diet Essay
723 Words | 3 PagesA product of βhydroxybutyrate dehydrogenation, acetoacetate, is transferred into acetyl-CoA which enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The increased turnover generates protons and electrons that are channeled to
Enzyme Reaction Lab Report
954 Words | 4 Pagesacetyl CoA + ATP + HCO-3 □(⇔┴( BIOTIN ) ) Malonyl CoA +ADP+ Pi This is designated as Bi, Bi , Uni, Uni, ping pong mechanism because first two substrates add to the enzyme, then two products are released, then another substrate adds and the final product is released. Acetly coa carboxylase catalyzes coupled reaction.
Citric Acid Cycle Research Paper
1083 Words | 5 PagesIn step four α-ketoglutarate is oxidised to Succlnyl-CoA. It is oxidation decarboxylation step. It is catalysed by the enzyme α- Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. This reaction is identical to the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.
Small Intestine
1407 Words | 6 PagesThe co-enzymes are used in the electron transport chain by the mitochondria to synthesize ATP (Blachier,
Enzymes: The Biological Synthesis Of Protein
2001 Words | 9 PagesEnzymes are homogeneous biological catalyst that work by lowering the activation of a reaction pathway or providing a new pathway with a low activation energy. Enzymes are special biological polymers that contain an active site, which is responsible for binding the substrates, the reactants, and processing them into products. As is true of any catalyst, the active site returns to its original state after the products are released. Many enzymes consist primarily of proteins, some featuring organic or inorganic cofactors in their active sites. However, certain ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules can also be biological catalysts, forming ribozymes.
Role Of Enzymes In Metabolic Pathways
595 Words | 3 PagesIt is never used up in the chemical reaction, however it is recycled and used over and over again. Description Metabolic pathways are controlled by the presence or absence of particular enzymes in the metabolic pathway and also through the regulation of the rate of reaction of key enzymes within the pathway [1]. Each enzyme required for a step in metabolic pathway is a central point of control of the overall metabolic pathway. Without the specific enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the metabolism would be too slow to support life and the pathway cannot be completed [2].
Enzyme Depletion Research Paper
910 Words | 4 PagesThe structure of an enzyme is made in such a way that it would have the function of acting as a catalyst for chemical reactions. Even in modern day Enzymes are being used to help improve the health of individuals. A report in natural news, Written by PF Louis, talks about some functions of
Red Spinach Leaves
756 Words | 4 PagesA reddish purple shade is the desired colour outcome of this study which contains anthocynanins (ACNs) which are water-soluble plants pigments responsible for the blue, purple, and red colour of many plant tissues (Beecher et. al.,
Blackberry Sugar
959 Words | 4 PagesBlackberry, just as its name implies, is an aggregate fruit made up of small drupelets that is black in colour. It is a member of the Rubus genus. Blackberry has commanded new attention from the public in this day and age when its benefits to human health are known. It is notable for its high proportions of phenolic bioactives compound along with antioxidant activities such as, anthocyanins and ellagitannins (ETs). The phytonutrient anthocyanin that present in a large amount in the skin of blackberries gives an explanation to why blackberries are black in color.
More about The Phenylalanine/Hydroxycinnamte Pathway
Beta Galactosidase Lab Report
494 Words | 2 PagesShort Summary: Guajillo
1002 Words | 5 PagesFriedel-Crafts Reaction
679 Words | 3 PagesAnthocyanin Experiment
386 Words | 2 PagesGaseous Messenger Research Paper
1402 Words | 6 PagesTc Cycle Essay
1788 Words | 8 PagesKetogenic Diet Essay
723 Words | 3 PagesEnzyme Reaction Lab Report
954 Words | 4 PagesCitric Acid Cycle Research Paper
1083 Words | 5 PagesSmall Intestine
1407 Words | 6 PagesEnzymes: The Biological Synthesis Of Protein
2001 Words | 9 PagesRole Of Enzymes In Metabolic Pathways
595 Words | 3 PagesEnzyme Depletion Research Paper
910 Words | 4 PagesRed Spinach Leaves
756 Words | 4 PagesBlackberry Sugar
959 Words | 4 Pages