Chapter 1 of “The New Jim Crow” by Michelle Alexander, that is also a highly acclaimed civil rights lawyer, wrote this chapter to inform us the history of racism in America, and if African Americans really treated equally. When the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, many whites were scared that the slaves are now free because they might want revenge, so the whites made a stereo type that all black men are criminals. When the Reconstruction ended, the south had a redemption. The convicts had no legal rights, so they became the “slaves” to help rebuild after the civil war. Then the prison population of blacks rose so the whites can use them as free labor. Jim Crow laws were everywhere in the south and that’s when the KKK started but at the
The New Jim Crow was written by Michelle Alexander and was created to educate people on the new “caste system” that is being ignored by those it has no effect on. It is a serious discussion that has been avoided for far too long. Michelle Alexander did a great job getting the ball rolling on this topic in her book. To touch on some of the points made I will be looking at the foreword, introduction, chapter 1, and chapter 6.
Jim Crow was not a person, it was a series of laws that imposed legal segregation between white Americans and African Americans in the American South. It promoting the status “Separate but Equal”, but for the African American community that was not the case. African Americans were continuously ridiculed, and were treated as inferiors. Although slavery was abolished in 1865, the legal segregation of white Americans and African Americans was still a continuing controversial subject and was extended for almost a hundred years (abolished in 1964). Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South is a series of primary accounts of real people who experienced this era first-hand and was edited by William H.Chafe, Raymond
Civil rights lawyer, advocate, and associate professor of law at Ohio State University, Michelle Alexander, introduce us the term "The New Jim Crow" and the impact it has on the black community. Taking into consideration the arguments in the lecture, we will be discussing themes such as gun violence, the war on drugs and mass incarceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander describes the social and economic factors that affect gun violence in the United States as a debate that pays little attention to the reasons why some communities are more susceptible to be what she calls "war zones". She argues that it is not the numbers of guns that deliberate the degree of safety of the neighborhood, but the number of good schools, jobs, and opportunities
On page thirty-two of The New Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander explicitly states that we transitioned from the death of the "Old Jim Crow" to the birth of "The New One" through: "a criminal justice system that was strategically employed to force African Americans back into a system of extreme repression and control" (32). After the death of slavery / during the Reconstruction Era, African Americans obtained political power and began the long march toward greater social and economic equality. As a result, whites reacted with panic / outrage and conservatives vowed to reverse Reconstruction / "redeem" the South. Through the Ku Klux Klan, resurgent white supremacists fought a terrorist campaign against Reconstruction governments and local leaders.
For centuries, African Americans have always been treated as inferior; as lower-ranking citizens likened to the status of animals. The earliest settlers of The United States had African American slaves, as well as our early presidents. At the time this was just part of the status quo, everyone had their own slave to help them with daily life or to tend to their fields. Slowly over time, the margin of slaves and free blacks in the country began to shrink. African American began to fight for their freedom and equal rights, with all this tension coinciding with the political divide which resulted in the Civil War.
Race is one the most sensitive and controversial topics of our time. As kids, we were taught that racism has gotten better as times has passed. However, the author, Michelle Alexander, of The New Jim Crow proposes the argument that racism has not gotten better, but the form of racism that we known in textbooks is not the racism we experience today. Michelle Alexander has countless amounts of plausible arguments, but she has failed to be a credible author, since she doesn’t give enough citations or evidence for her argument to convince people who may not have prior agreement with her agreement.. Alexander’s biggest mistake when it came to being a credible author was starting off the book with a countless number of claims without any evidence in her Introduction.
Michelle Alexander, similarly, points out the same truth that African American men are targeted substantially by the criminal justice system due to the long history leading to racial bias and mass incarceration within her text “The New Jim Crow”. Both Martin Luther King Jr.’s and Michelle Alexander’s text exhibit the brutality and social injustice that the African American community experiences, which ultimately expedites the mass incarceration of African American men, reflecting the current flawed prison system in the U.S. The American prison system is flawed in numerous ways as both King and Alexander points out. A significant flaw that was identified is the injustice of specifically targeting African American men for crimes due to the racial stereotypes formed as a result of racial formation. Racial formation is the accumulation of racial identities and categories that are formed, reconstructed, and abrogated throughout history.
Richard Wright, in "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow", is ignorant to the era of time in which he is living in. A mere boy playing with cinders seemed a typical game to him. He didn 't fully understand that the boys in which he was "playing" with were trying to cause bodily harm. That was his first lesson of "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow". Many more followed that incident but what grasped my attention and left me continuously reading past my stopping point was the raw graphics the author painted.
The African-Americans in southern part of America were being discriminated by the white’s in the south. Having the intention of the white superiority African American were not given bathroom, but their bathroom is being marked, and colored with muddle. In the book of Jim Crow, I got to understand the structure of the book was about and the purpose of how blacks had to fear the white superiority. The consequence of the white superiority was pretty much on how to make blacks second-class social and economic, but not only that the white people did appreciate having black for around the state they live in. with this In mind radical racism etiquette of white superiority was beyond what was very disgusting of the humanity.
Even after the abolishment of slavery, African Americans were still at the feet of white people. Because of their skin color, whites viewed African Americans as lesser. Whites People's prejudiced and injustice actions toward African Americans have led to centuries of mistreatment. This mistreatment has
Annotated Bibliography Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press. Alexander opens up on the history of the criminal justice system, disciplinary crime policy and race in the U.S. detailing the ways in which crime policy and mass incarceration have worked together to continue the reduction and defeat of black Americans.
Slavery is over therefore how can racism still exist? This has been a question posed countlessly in discussions about race. What has proven most difficult is adequately demonstrating how racism continues to thrive and how forms of oppression have manifested. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow, argues that slavery has not vanished; it instead has taken new forms that allowed it to flourish in modern society. These forms include mass incarceration and perpetuation of racist policies and societal attitudes that are disguised as color-blindness that ultimately allow the system of oppression to continue.
It is known that during the Jim Crow era where whites were to be respected and blacks were to be put down as lesser people, relationships between the two races would be extremely dangerous for both sides. However, this way of structure for the society was absolutely false as it had completely gone against what the amendments had put in place for citizens of the United States of America. For example, the 14th amendment states, “All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” This clearly shows that every living person on the planet earth is to be treated equally with just laws that restrict them in no way.
Since the very beginning of America, racism has always been an issue that cannot be solved. Slavery was the start of it and even after it ended, society had still managed to find ways to be oppressive. The Jim Crow laws were created for states in the south, in which it strongly enforced segregation from the late 1890’s until the 1960’s. People of color were not allowed to share the same bathrooms as whites, use the same water fountain, or eat in the same restaurant. The Jim Crow laws especially gave a huge advantage to people that are white in the courtroom.
1- In “The Ethics of Living Jim Crow,” author Richard Wright debates several events during his childhood and youth where he was indirectly educated how black people were supposed to act in the Jim Crow South. One example of Wright crossing a metaphorical boundary occurred when he worked for an optical company in Mississippi. He “was very careful to pronounce his sirs clearly, in order that his employer might know that Wright was polite, and that he knew where he was, and that his employer was a white man” (227). Wright’s double-consciousness made him alter his behavior when interacting with white people because he knew what would be assumed of him. When Wright explained that he had to show that he knew where he was, he wasn’t only referring