Quantification and trypsin digestion of polypeptides
Protein concentration was estimated by Bradford assay, and 100µg of total protein from each sample was subjected to in-solution trypsin digestion to generate peptides. Initially, treating the sample with 5µl of 100mM dithiothreitol in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate for 30 min at 60ºC and alkylation with 200mM iodoacetamide in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate at room temperature for 30 minutes reduced the protein disulphide bonds. Proteins were then digested with 4µg of sequencing grade-modified trypsin (Sigma) in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate by incubating overnight at 37ºC. The trypsin digestion reaction was stopped by 1µl of 100% formic acid. The digested peptide solutions were centrifuged at 14000
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The following parameters were used: nano-ESI capillary voltage, 3.3 KV; sample cone, 35 V; extraction cone, 4 V; transfer CE, 4 V; trap gas flow, (2 ml/minute); IMS gas (N2) flow, (90 ml/minute). To perform the mobility separation, the IMS T-Wave™ pulse height was set to 40 V during transmission and the IMS T-Wave™ velocity was set to 800 m/s. The traveling wave height was ramped over 100% of the IMS cycle between 8 and 20 V. The time of flight analyzer (TOF) was calibrated with a solution of 500 fmole/μl of human [Glu1]-Fibrinopeptide B (Sigma-Aldrich), and the lock mass acquisition was performed every 30 s by the same peptide delivered through the reference sprayer of the nano-LockSpray source at a flow rate of 500 nl/minute. This calibration set the analyzer to detect ions in the range of 50–2000 m/z.The mass spectrometer was operated in the “resolution mode” with a resolving power of 18,000 FWHM, and the data acquisition was performed in “continuum” format. The data was acquired by rapidly alternating between two functions: Function-1 (low energy) and Function-2 (high energy). In Function-1, only low energy mass spectra (MS) were acquired and in Function-2, mass spectra at elevated collision energy (MSE) with ion mobility were acquired. In Function-1, collision energy was set to 4 V in the trap region and 2 V in the transfer region. In Function-2, collision energy was set to 4 V in the trap region and is ramped from 20 V to 45 V in the transfer region. Each spectrum was acquired for 0.9 s with an interscan delay of 0.024
Over these 15 consecutive days our criminal justice class has watched the decomposition of 9 still born piglets, which were laid out in a specific way, with specific wounds. Piglet 10 was put into a box at the beginning of the experiment, and was not revealed until the end of it. Each piglet was in its own condition. Piglet 0 was naked in a box, Piglet 1 was naked on the grass, piglet 2 had 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burn all over its body, it too was laying on the grass, piglet 3 was stabbed behind right shoulder, also lying on the grass, piglet 4 had a .380 bullet would on its side, it was laying on the grass, piglet 5 was clothed on the grass, piglet 6 was naked piglet on the black top, piglet 7 was clothed on the black top, piglet 8 was suspended in the air with clothes on, and piglet 9 was suspended in the air naked. At the beginning of the experiment we hypothesized on theories we now know the answer too.
The mobile phase used was a mixture of ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile at a ratio of 400:600. A flow rate of 1 mL/min was maintained, and the detection wavelength was 292 nm (22). The required studies were carried out to estimate the precision and accuracy of the HPLC method and were found to be within limits [percent coefficient of variation was less than 15%]. Sample preparation briefly involved 0.4 μ membrane filter through which the sample was filtered, diluted with mobile phase, and 10 μL was spiked into
According to the article called “ Free L-Trytophan plasma levels in antisocial violent offenders” by Jari Tilhonen, Multi Virkkunan, Pirkka Rusanen, Sirrjoa Pennanen, Eevarliisa Sainio, james Callaway, Pirjo Halonwn, and Jyrki Liesiviuori, they stated that tryptophan is the dietary precursor of serotonin and a deficiency is either tryptophan intake or it is metabolism which can cause mental disorders. (Tihonen, Virkkunan, Rusanen, Pennnanen, Sainio, Callaway, Halonwn, &Liesiviouri, 2013). In the past, it was several studies that reported that depressed individuals have low tryptophan. Lucca et al had discovered in their case study that violent offenders have low levels of L-tryptophan and plasma levels.
1.5 Force-induced topological change of knotted/slipknotted protein As mentioned earlier in this chapter, pulling on two ends of a protein is a simple way to test the existence of a knot. More importantly, the mechanism of pulling knotted/slipknotted proteins can provide useful insight on the formation of the knot/slipknot. Quite a few knotted/slipknotted proteins have been pulled in both experimental and computational studies.(103-110) 1.5.1 Tightening the knot Upon being pulled on its two ends, a knotted protein will be unfolded and extended and the knot will be tightened. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation has been used to apply external force on certain atoms in specific pulling direction in silico, which is perfect for pulling the knotted proteins. Sułkowska et al have stretched 20 proteins with a knotted topology by SMD simulations using a coarse-grained model.(105) When a stretching force is applied onto the two ends of a knotted protein, the knot shrinks and one end of the knot move along the polypeptide chain with sudden jumps.
Firstly, it was readily available one of the few pure proteins
LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Natalie Banc Instructor: Elizabeth Kraske Date: 09.26.2016 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 50 °C (122 °F) 3.
Introduction The purpose of this lab is to use control variables to help identify different macromolecules. Biological systems are made up of these four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are sugar molecules (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides) which make them the most abundant macromolecule on the earth. Lipids (oils and fats, phospholipids and steroids) are insoluble in water and perform many functions such as energy source, essential nutrients, hormones and insulators (Lehman, 1955).
LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Natalie Banc Instructor: Elizabeth Kraske Date: 09.22.2016 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 50 °C (122 °F) 3. Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity 1. Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2.
The model protein used was Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) to evaluate direct haptenation between MBTS and Cys34 on BSA which lead to disulfide formation. Potential importance of disulfide formation was highlighted as a general haptenation and protein modification pathway
However, all proteins are constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids linked in unbranched polymers. The covalent bond that exists between amino acids is called peptide bond, hence a polymer of amino acids is named polypeptide. A protein is a biological functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides which is folded and coiled into unique three-dimensional structure. In laboratory, it is important to measure the concentration of proteins for research investigations. Biuret test is adopted to quantify proteins in fluid by using a spectrophotometer.
The calpain and calpastatin enzymes system plays a role in protein muscle renewal, as well as in the process of postmortem proteolysis of the meat in cattle. Tenderness of the meat depends on the magnitude of this process. The main enzyme is Calpain whereas Calpastatin is its inhibitor; numerous studies have identified diverse polymorphisms of the genes that code for both enzymes. Polymorphism CASTt1 and CASTuog are two mutations on the calpastatin gene, which have been identified as potential forecasters of meat tenderness. The objective of this study was to supplement previous studies, realized at the Veterinary Science Faculty, about genotyping for Calpain gene with the allelic and genotypic polymorphism frequency of CAST1 or CASTuog in
Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Then, another or the same enzyme reacts with the intermediate to form the final product.2 The rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions is influenced by different environmental conditions, such as: concentration
PROCESSING OF BISCUITS Mixing: Creaming- The ghee, sugar and vanilla flavor is churned so that flavor may get adhered to the fine droplets of fat. Mixing time is of two minutes.
That is why, it is very necessary to continuously develop novel techniques for fast detection and extraction of mercury from aqueous media. Different extraction techniques including solvent extraction [6-8], ion exchangers [9-11], precipitation [12, 13], adsorption [14, 15] and membrane separation [16, 17] have been successfully utilized to minimize the mercuric ion concentrations in aqueous media. However, the absence of selectivity considered a fatal disadvantage restricts the application of these techniques, particularly in specific metal ions extractions [18]. Nowadays, Ion-imprinting technique considered one of the most outstanding strategies that provide a synthetic path for manufacturing smart polymeric materials, which are able