Madness, insanity, lunacy, these words are more than clinical diagnoses. These words are in part, social constructions rooted in a specific place, at a specific point in time. In 19th century America, state insane asylums thrived. Not in terms of the environmental conditions of these institutions, but in terms of overcrowding and to the extent that individuals could be involuntarily committed. The purpose of this essay is not to expose the conditions of these institutions. Rather, the purpose is to understand how gender influenced the state institutionalization of women in 19th century America and how this influence generated a form of oppression.
Terms
In reframing the history of 19th century America, it is essential to define the term “insanity”
…show more content…
“Ideal” women were expected to be gentle, refined, sensitive, loving, devoting, submissive, “nurturing, domestic, passive, affectionate and have intuitive morality… [While these ideal] social characteristics [seem arbitrary, they] were all assumed to have a deeply rooted biological basis. [According to science,] “the female nervous system was finer, more irritable [than the male nervous system] and is prone to overstimulation, resulting in exhaustion (Smith-Rosenberg, 1973, 334). Weaker intellectually and physically to the male counterpart, women in 19th century America were dependent on their fathers, brothers and husbands. While men were considered strong, assertive and independent, women were not “expected to achieve in any area considered important by men and thus highly valued by society” (Smith-Rosenberg, 1972, 656). The woman’s role was thus confined to the domestic sphere. The public sphere was no place for a woman. Consequently, during this period, women were constrained by their powerlessness. This powerlessness flows from the social norm of 19th century America. A social norm/divide constructed by white male patriarchy. This patriarchy “affected the conditions of the lives and actions [of women]” (Young, 2009, 56). Despite gender norms and the structure of society in the Victorian era, by “mid-nineteenth century, it was apparent that women – or at least some of them- were growing dissatisfied with traditional roles” (Smith-Rosenberg, 1973, 339). With the opening of state “insane” asylums, and in the midst of social change, the structure of society (in which men dominated) made women vulnerable to being labeled mentally
Chapter 16 of Exploring American Histories shows us the diversity among women’s roles. For example, women in a household were expected to cook meals, can fruits and vegetables, as well as wash and iron clothes. In relation to Exploring American Histories, we are taught in Zipf’s book that the institution of Samarcand Manor also helped women incorporate the duties they were expected to do in their households. Women who obeyed were simply treated better than those who did not. Women who showed outstanding abilities in their field were given the right to participate in leisure activities.
From colonial times to the late 19th century women were treated as weak and inferior to men. Over the years and several events such as the American Revolution and Great Awakening women worked on gaining rights and opportunities such as men. How did gender roles from colonial times to early 19th century define men and women’s political and economic life? During the year’s women had little to no role in politics because they were seen as weak, unintelligent, inferior, and property. As for men, it was socially and morally acceptable to work for a money and play a part in politics.
The next chapter highlights the gendered division of labor and the difficulty to keep a family as a slave. Chapter six and seven moves on to the eighteenth century and shows how women have improved in areas such as more political participation and increasing social class of
In 1860 women were mistreated, especially black women. Women in the 1800s were treated unfairly compared to white men. Men saw women as angelic creatures and that they shouldn't be/ capable of being voters, legislators, free traders, divines, physicians, and lawyers. Until 1837, no college in the United States accepted women as regular students. Some women teachers were underpaid.
Women in the 1800’s Women had no rights in the 1800’s and were put through abuse, violence and rape. Servant women were frequently raped in their master’s house. There was major inequality with men and women and there were very heavy gender roles set that made it almost impossible for these women to escape these homes. Professor Chloe W. Smith, and author Jone J. Lewis, talk about these struggles and how some women tried to combat the struggles. The life of a woman throughout the 1800’s was challenging because of domestic abuse and rape at their workplace, and home and the inequality issues with men and women in society.
Whereas mental asylums in the 1870s focused on methodology, lunatic asylums in the early 1900s tackled the issue of sanitation and communicable diseases. Beginning in 1912, the Indian Government, under the influence of the Britain, passed the Indian Lunacy Act of 1912.14 This act specified guidelines for the management of mental asylums, including various procedures for admissions and standards of care.14 At this time, changes were also occurring structurally within the mental asylums in Britain.14 These changes were transforming the care of the mentally ill into a more professional setting.14 As a result, British India underwent similar transformations to the structure of their cells and the status of mental conditions. For instance, controlling
Women played an inferior role compared to men in society in the 1600s and 1700s. Yes, women have been considered the weaker gender for generations way before then. One of the characteristics we have seen that Europeans classified Native Americans as savages was their “barbaric idea” of gender equality. In those times colonial women had few career choices if any. Men were greater than women during that time and that is why it was rare to find an unmarried woman.
“This women has violated the roles rightly reserved for women participating in “manly activities”’, many rules made it so that it was not a land of opportunity for women, children and even Native Americans. During the 1600’s many people such as Native Americans, English, and African Americans, (both men and women) which played an important role in the question was it a land of opportunity for children, women, indentured servants, colonist and Native Americans. Children had to work before and after school, working on plantations or chores such as weaving clothes, or feeding animals which gave them little free time. Women didn’t have the rights they should of had, the men thought that women weren’t strong and that they shouldn 't be doing manly
During the 19th century modernization and the changing nature of work had changed throughout the United States. This change contributed to new ideas about women and men’s roles in the home and in society and also encouraged new ways of thinking about the ideal characteristics of men and women. More women were seen in public shopping, attending theaters, and amusement parks, which ultimately led to a more co-ed interaction in society. Men engaged in prostitution, drinking, and gambling during their leisure time, which caused them to spend even more time outside of their home. Some of these changes were positive, but brought forth negative outcomes.
2.5 Alienation of Women: Themes of Insanity and Death It is not only the image of the fallen woman that Mew presents in her poetry but themes of insanity and death. These themes together shed light on women experiences during her time. Confinement and restrictions led to isolation, madness, or death. A great deal of women 's illnesses in the nineteenth century were merely the result of their oppression, sometimes even something that was expected of them by the society in which they belonged.
Thus, it is necessary to conclude that women have always played an important role in the development of history. History that involves women has been developed throughout the centuries, constantly changing its goals and forms, increasing the popularity movement of the American women in the late 1800’s. Women were discriminated for many things for a very long time, it wasn’t until the late 1800’s that women actually started to gain very few rights. The late 1800’s is very important time for women as it gets the movement started for Women’s Suffrage, and ultimately the late 1800’s starts to open the way for equality for women and
For the 19th century America, the two sexes were to be separated into distinct spheres, the man’s public sphere and the woman’s private one. It was most common for the two sexes to spend their time mostly in the company of their own sex, and advices were given to the younger members of the society on the proper way of behaving according to one’s sex. Even though both sexes had to be instructed on how to perform in each other’s company, it was the shaping of a woman that needed to undergo through a series of instructions on the proper way to be a woman. A woman had to follow the rules of the Cult of True Womanhood to be considered proper and wife material. Fanny Fern in her writing appeals on and discusses the attributes of piety, purity, submissiveness,
The Unnamed Woman Up until the 1900’s woman had few rights, thus they relied heavily on men. Women could not vote, they could not own their own property, and very few worked. Women’s jobs were solely to care for children and take care of the home. Women during this time, typically accepted their roles in society and the economy ( “Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1909”).
In the nineteenth century, woman had no power over men in society. They were limited in their freedom, as their lives were controlled by their husbands. Some women did not mind this lifestyle, and remained obedient, while some rebelled and demanded their rights. “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and “The Birthmark” by Nathaniel Hawthorne, are short stories that exposes the lifestyle women lived in the nineteenth century. The protagonists from both stories, Jane and Georgiana, similarly lived a male dominated lifestyle.
One of the traits that have changed over time is how women are seen in society. Throughout this essay, how the view of woman in society and their essence have changed in America since the arrival of Europeans to the New Continent will be deeply analyzed by the interpretation