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4 Stages Of Attachment Essay

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The term attachment is defined as an emotional bond to a specific person, and for infants and children these people are typically their mother or father. According to John Bowlby, there are four stages of attachment in early development known as Bowlby’s stages. These four stages include, preattchment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, and goal-corrected partnership (Levine and Munsch, 2016). Although there are many types of attachment, there are also disorders known pertaining to children who have trouble creating relationships with their parents or caregiver. One being RAD or Reactive Attachment Disorder, which is the inability to form attachments to parents. This disorder (along with the Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder) …show more content…

By doing this, a baby’s dependence on their parents, allows him or her to explore their environment. Two reasons infants and children can be robbed of a healthy attachment are, because they’ve been placed into foster care or they have been neglected or abused. Because of this a child’s normal development is being tampered with causing emotional disorders like RAD (Stinehart, Scott and Barfield, 2012). RAD involves levels of pathogenic care that contribute to the development of this disorder, which include; separation from or absence of a caregiver or pain in infancy or childhood. Along with the pathogenic care, there are two primary subtypes of RAD. The first subtype is called; emotionally withdrawn or inhibited patterns of RAD, which consists of a child showing minimal to no attachment behavior. According to Stinehart, Scott and Barfield, a child with this disorder may show the lack of interchange of emotion or difficulty regulating their emotions in general. This subtype relates back to the lack of a reliable primary caregiver. The second subtype of RAD is the indiscriminate or disinhibited type. A child with this diagnoses constantly fails to show developmental hesitation around unfamiliar adults. They may also approach strangers to seek attention or physical comfort or

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According to the DSM-5, antisocial personality disorder is “a lack of anxiety or fear and by a bold interpersonal style that may mask maladaptive behaviors.” (DIAGNOSTIC AND (5TH ED)2013) Furthermore, Major depressive disorder is described as a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest…it affects how you feel, thinks, and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. (Depression (Major Depressive Disorder) - Symptoms and Causes - Mayo Clinic, 2022). Antisocial personality disorder can develop in childhood around the age of 8.

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When attachment is formed with a loving caregiver or parent who is able to provide support, love, and guidance along with the basic human needs, attachment can be reinforced and healthy (VBH). Educating children and parents-to-be of consequences of ineffective parenting might reduce the incidence of RAD in children (Lehman & Jegtvig, 2004). Children with RAD are not completely lost with their ability to form attachments, those who have been diagnosed and seek treatment early with hopeful learn to be able to recognize and manage their behaviors and feeling as well as creating healthy relationship in their future. It is important to first get the child in a safe house with caregivers who genuinely care about them and are willing to work on developing positive interactions with the child. By using treatment methods like dyadic developmental therapy, integrative play therapy, and parent skills training are all credible techniques to help build trust and attachment.

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His idea of the theory was that when infants became attached to adults whom are responsive and sensitive during the social interactions and form a maintained caregiving relationship during the 6 months to 3 years of life (McLeod). Without the development of attachment, children could suffer from serious impairments both psychological and social. This process establishes various forms of attachment, which in the future will guide the thoughts, feelings, and expectations in children as adults in their future relationships. In this paper, there will be explanations, examples, and other psychologist discussing their attachment theories. There are four different style of attachment in adults; Secure, Dismissive, Preoccupied, and Fearful-Avoidant.

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Some children that have been grossly mistreated, neglected or abused fail to create secure attachments. Secure attachment is vital to the formation of the Childs sense of self and others that pave the way and sets up the course that guides the emotional and behavioral reactions that follow him through life (Hornor, 2008). It has been shown that failure to have positive experiences as well as abuse and neglect causes those memory systems to be filled with fear, mistrust and rejection (Mikic & Terradas, 2014). Since children with RAD learn at an early age not to trust their primary caregivers to attend to their needs, they learn how to fend for themselves which leads to many antisocial behaviors that continue into adulthood. Studies have shown that children with Reactive Attachment Disorder have neurological

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Thus, suggesting that caregiver relationships are crucial to children’s psychological and physical survival. As infants are unable to verbalize their thoughts, crying is used as a means of communication and interaction between the infant and caregiver. Caring for an Infant

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Lastly, some sufferers of this disorder participate in self-destructive or reckless behavior. This can be anything from careless driving to suicidal behavior (Friedman). Some symptoms specific to young children are forgetting how to talk, acting out the event he or she is afraid of while playing, or being oddly clingy to a parent or different adult (Post-Traumatic Stress

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I appreciate you examining Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), as it is certainly a troubling condition suffered by so many children victimized by abuse and neglect. Attachment Disorder usually begins in infancy. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of “Trust vs. Mistrust stage” is the stage that provides the child with a sense of security from the caregiver and the development of attachment. In this stage, the nature of our attachments affects how we relate to others throughout our lives.

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One of the main theories in Developmental psychology is the attachment theory that was devised by Bowlby (1969) and was added to in 1973, by Mary Ainsworth. The attachment theory surrounds the bond between a primary care giver and a baby. They believe that attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space. In 1930 Bowlby worked as a psychiatrist in a children’s unit, where he treated many emotionally disturbed children, this lead him to consider the relationship between mother and child and the impact that could have on the child’s development. Bowlby believed that the attachment process was an all or nothing process and that you either were attached or were not attached.

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If those afflicted don't take steps to negate the effects that it may have, a relationship can quickly become unhealthy. The afflicted fears of abandonment may lead to a defense mechanism known as splitting, which causes them to view themselves and others as either "good" or "bad." This perceived dynamic may lead to manipulative or coercive behavior to maintain the relationship or keep their partner close. Those with BPD are prone to both being abused and being the abuser; thus, untreated BPD can be severely detrimental to the relationship and those participating in

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People with this disorder can even go to great lengths just to avoid such interactions, like not showing up for meetings or work, or finishing a test but waiting until someone else finishes and hands it in so

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2.2. Analyse the impact of attachment on the role of the Early Years Educator. The impact on attachment as an Early Years Educator is a vital role. We promote healthy attachments by forming key relationships between adults and children in our setting.

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Overview of Attachment Theory Attachment theory tries to describe the evolution of personality and behaviour in relationships and it gives a reason for the difference in a person’s emotional and relationship attitudes. In the beginning, it looked at the mechanics of relationships between children and their parents but it has since been expanded to cover the entire life of the human being (Howe, 2000). Attachment theory includes insights learned from evolutionary theory, ethology, systems theory and developmental psychology (Howe, 2001).

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Attachment in early life is a fundamental aspect of child development and the establishment of intimate and reciprocal relationships with caregivers. Shaffer & Kipp (2007) define attachment as ‘a close emotional relationship between two persons, characterized by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity’. Contrary to the original view of infant attachment as a ‘secondary drive’ of the dependency on caregivers for physiological needs, such as hunger; Bowlby (1969, 1973) proposed that all infants are born with an innate bias to form an attachment to a primary attachment figure to whom they can seek comfort, or a ‘secure base’ during stressful circumstances. It is proposed by Ainsworth (1967) that parental sensitivity is crucial to shaping the security and development of the initial infant-parent attachment relationship, however the phenomenon of attachment requires both infants and caregivers to contribute in the formation of the attachment bond. Ultimately, the quality of attachment in early life shapes both the social and emotional

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