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05.06 Operant Conditioning Analysis

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05.06 Discussion-Based Assessment The first thing we discussed was classical conditioning. It sort of all started after Pavlov’s experiment with the dogs. John B. Watson, a psychologist, began his testing on emotional conditioning. John’s theory was that people are not born with a fear of objects. He persisted to hypothesize that we do have to learn to be surprised or frightened, it happens automatically. John organized tests to reveal that we do not have to learn to be afraid, but what objects we fear must be learned. An unconditioned stimulus is a sudden, loud noise. The unconditioned stimulus is for the unconditioned response of fear. The conditioned response of fear is known as a conditioned emotional response (CER). We then defined important words from this lesson. A stimulus generalization “is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses …show more content…

Operant conditioning is accredited to a psychologist named B.F. Skinner. He is well known for his operant box experiment, also known as the Skinner Box. The Skinner Box is this experiment was used to train rats to tap a lever to collect some type of recompense, like a sugar pellet. Skinner discovered with his rat experiment, that animals could be trained to

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1) What symptoms did Harry have, even in infancy, that would suggest he had problems? The symptoms Harry illustrated was self-abuse. However Some of the self-abusive behaviors that Harry revealed was skin picking until he bled, hitting himself, biting, and smashing his face and nose with his fist or his knees. In Harrys infancy stage his mother had to place mailing tubes over his arms to prevent him from hitting his face with his fist. 2) What ethical concerns about the treatment of Harry might have been troubling to the IRB of the hospital in which he was being treated?

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One of the things that I’ve been classically conditioned to is, the sound on the Insidious movie. This is a conditioned stimulus. It is defined as “an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with and unconditioned stimulus” according to the book. The sound in the movie plays when something scary is going to happen. The first time I heard it was in the first movie, when the devil was playing the piano in a very freakish way.

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Operant conditioning is a condition in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer to the approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus. “The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior does not occur as isolated and unrelated events; the consequences that follow the actions of an animal, be they good, bad, or indifferent, will have an effect on the frequency with which those actions are repeated in the future,” (Laule 2). A reinforcement strengthens a response, reinforcement

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Alex was conditioned to react in a passive manner when confronted with any action that could be considered ultra-violence. Classical conditioning experiments have been performed on humans with a large degree of success. One of the most notable and most controversial classical conditioning experiments done on humans was Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment. This experiment was conducted to test the fear response in humans. The experiment started off by introducing Albert to several animals, a white rat, monkey, bunny and a dog (Creelan).

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Skinners experiment was based on operant conditioning, using the concept of discrimination learning, he carried out experiments on animals with the idea that their behaviour is predetermined by their environment and using a well controlled environment would allow him to in turn control their behaviours using a range of triggers. Using reinforcement and expectancy, the animal associates acting out certain behaviours with rewards. (Toates, F., 2010, pp. 165-167) After performing a number of experiments on rats using mazes, he subsequently designed the Skinner box.

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According to Rathus (2015) classical conditioning is basically learning to identify occurrences or events with other events (p. 125). My aversion with seafood and classical conditioning is associated with the smell of seafood. When the aroma of seafood is around, I will immediately breathe out of my mouth, or flee to another space. Chapter Six

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Watson and Rayner paired the sound of a hammer with the presence of a white rat. Despite Little Albert showing no aversion to the rat initially, the repeated association between the rat and the sound of the hammer resulted in Albert becoming evidently distressed by the presence of the rat, later developing into him fearing anything resembling the rat. Watson and Rayners research indicated that classical conditioning, previously only demonstrated by dogs, could be applied to humans in the context of phobias. However, successive attempts to replicate the findings of Watson and Rayner proved largely unsuccessful, questioning the reliability of their findings. Furthermore, classical conditioning has been criticised for ignoring individuals free will and the ability for humans to resist conditioning, therefore although their experiment was successful on an infant, the results may not necessarily be applicable to

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The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response.

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Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys.

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My coach for soccer has taught me how to play soccer from a young age and in order for my coach to be able to coach me successfully the coach would need a ball and soccer training methods. My version of playing soccer was just passing a ball and the soccer ball was the object I made an association with and when I was starting to take soccer seriously it meant I would need a coach and I did not know how a coach was and how it would enable me to be able to play soccer and it classical conditioning terms it would be called unconditioned association. The unconditioned stimuli (UCS), which is the coach, is going to enable me to emit a response which is to be able to play soccer and the behaviour I emit is known as the unconditioned response (UCR) because the coach has not yet taught me how to play soccer. When the coach starts coaching me to become a good soccer player, the coach moves from being the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to the neutral stimulus (NS), the coach becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) because she has been training me on a regular basis which results in my unconditioned response (UCR) becoming the conditioned response (CR) which is to play soccer the proper way by; passing, dribbling, defending and shooting.

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Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus attains the ability to make a response produced originally by a different stimulus, and emotions are able to be classically conditioned. This is called a conditioned emotional response. It is where an emotion, either positive or negative, is felt when experiencing a stimulus that was accompanied by either a pleasant or painful event. An example of a classically conditioned emotion would be connecting the smell of a certain aftershave with pain which would then cause anxiety. For example, going to the dentist and smelling a certain aftershave while experiencing pain during a procedure will connect the two, and if the procedure is done multiple times, the emotion that is being

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During classical conditioning, organisms learn to associate events and stimuli that repeatedly happen together. Classical conditioning is something that we experience throughout our lives on a daily basis. For example, one form of classical conditioning is taste aversion. I had an experience with taste aversion when I ate spaghetti and felt ill and nauseous afterwards. Though I had the stomach flu and it had nothing to do with the food I ate, I still associated spaghetti with that feeling of nausea.

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Ivan Pavlov and Burrhus Frederic Skinner are the behaviourist theorists I studied. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning became well known, his work encouraged others like Skinner to study and develop his own theory of operant conditioning. The “A,B,C” behaviour model of positive reinforcement is used in many early childhood settings. Skinner believed the best way to understand the behaviour is to look at the cause of the action and its consequence. I observed the ECCE setting for practical examples of numeracy and literacy.

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Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. 2. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that

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INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

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