el papel los papeles paper, papers
Nouns ending in a stressed vowel + –s
el autobús los autobuses bus, buses el país los países country, countries
Generally, nouns ending in stressed vowel besides "-é": el bambú los bambúes bamboo, bamboos el jabalí los jabalíes wild boar, wild boars el tabú los tabúes taboo, taboos
Here are some exceptions, however:
el champú los champús shampoo el sofá los sofas sofa la mamá las mamas mom el papá los papas dad el menú los menus menu
Some nouns ending in –ión form the plural by adding –es and dropping the accent mark:
el avión los aviones airplane, airplanes la canción las canciones song, songs la conversación las conversaciones conversation,
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Subject pronouns are frequently unnecessary and are usually omitted in Spanish sentences because the subject is clearly identifiable through verb conjugations.
For example: Hablo español. I speak Spanish. Hablas español. You speak Spanish. Hablamos español. We speak Spanish.
The following are the subject pronouns in Spanish with their English equivalent:
Singular Plural
First person yo (I) nosotros, nosotras (we) Second person (informal) tú (you) vosotros, vosotras (you)
Second person (formal) usted (you) ustedes (you)
Third person él, ella (he, she) ellos, ellas (they)
Tú and Usted
While English uses only one pronoun for the second person, Spanish uses two forms to indicate “you”. The informal form, “tú”, is used to address a person who is close or familiar to the speaker like a family member, a younger person, a friend, or a
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The default form of an adjective is its masculine singular form and that is how they are listed in dictionaries.
A great number of adjectives end in –o and take on four forms to agree with the word they modify.
Example: Singular Plural
Masculine el chico alto los chicos altos
Feminine la chica alta las chicas altas
Some adjectives, however, are invariable in terms of gender. They only have two forms to indicate the number of the noun: the singular and the plural form. Many invariable adjectives end in “-a” and “-ista”. Adjectives ending in –e or a consonant likewise take on only two forms.
Examples: indígena, marina, azteca, violeta, maya optimista, realista, comunista, pesimista, deportista verde, inteligente cortés, menor, tropical
As can be expected, there are a few exceptions to the above rule. For instance, some adjectives that pertain to nationalities have distinct feminine forms though they end in consonants:
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
francés francesa franceses francesas