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Pharming: What Is Pharming?

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Pharming What is pharming? The term "pharming" comes from a combination of the words "farming" and "pharmaceuticals." Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to alter an animal's own DNA, In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic) animals are used mostly to make human proteins that have medicinal value. The protein encoded by the transgene is secreted into the animal's milk, eggs, or blood, and then collected and purified. Livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits, and pigs have already been modified in this way to produce several useful proteins and drugs. Pharming is beneficial for people by helping to produce a variety of products that are very difficult to find in nature as well as provide a method …show more content…

As the world becomes larger in population, more and more of new problems arise which drugs produced from conventional manufacturing processes cannot treat and cure. One example of unique products of pharming technology are edible vaccines. Currently, vaccines are implemented by injection and to particularly young children; the sight of a needle has been a source agony and distress. Pharming would allow vaccines to be transfused into transgenic animals, producing milk mixed with the vaccine which could be then consumed by the people who need to be vaccinated, causing no anguish, discomfort or …show more content…

Many people asks everyday “Are GMOs bad for my health?” The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the USA regulates genetic engineering with animals and their products under the new animal drug provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). It helps monitor and maintain certain standards, including input from the public, when it comes to genetically engineering animals. The ‘new animal drug’ provisions of the FFDCA focuses on whether the new animal drug is safe for the animal and if it is effective. If the drug is for a food-producing animal it also focuses on whether the resulting food is safe to eat. Is safe for the animals? Genetic engineering of animals is strictly controlled by animal cruelty legislations in many countries and is always carefully scrutinised by teams of experts before being approved for wider use. Not all genetic engineering directly benefits humans. Some genetic engineering is to improve resistance of livestock to disease, for example, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (‘mad cow disease’) in cattle. It can also be used to remove characteristics that cause injury, for example, selecting for cattle without

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An even newer invention is the GMO, genetically modified organism. It is where you can alter the genes of a plant, by adding certain types of DNA. This corn is not only put in our food, but it is to pigs, chicken, and cattle who are injected with hormones and antibiotics. We are then eating these animals, and with them the hormones and antibiotics they contain.

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Westerfeld argued that teenagers are fondly prone to attract to stories or novels that depicts systems breaking down under its own contradictions. Teenagers are in a stage where they must cope with adult responsibilities including school, work, yet they are not fully granted with such adult powers to gain respect. With the two extremes he describes, dystopia and apocalypse, signifies the “Uglies”. This meaning constitute how in a society based on surveillance and control would have “zero tolerance. I agree with Westerfield’s argument.

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The world of genetic engineering is becoming more abundant as technological advancements are made. Genetic engineering is the process of altering the genetic makeup of an organism by modifying segments of its DNA. Many of the foods we consume on a daily basis are genetically modified in order to protect crops from disease and increase harvest yields. Bacteria and animals are also a source of genetic modification. With genetic modification comes many ethical issues, and the most common question that arises is whether humans should be subject to genetic engineering.

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Bioengineering is deliberately modifying certain characteristics of an organism by changing its genetic makeup. It is commonly used all around the world, especially in the agricultural and medical fields. Recently however, there has been a new idea introduced. Scientists want to start modifying animals. This proposal is both morally and ethically wrong.

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Every day, thousands of animals are subjected to cruel, inhumane treatment. In the United States, there are many laws in place to prevent the mistreatment of animals, but one of the most harmful ways of abusing animals is not only legal, but considered by many to be completely justified. The process described is that of animal experimentation, the act of performing experiments on an animal that can deliberately cause the animal suffering and even death. Animal testing should be abolished because it is unnecessary, inaccurate, and cruel to animals. Firstly, animal testing is an inaccurate and outdated means of gathering information.

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I am currently taking Genetics at ASU and I found the topic of human genetic engineering to be extremely fascinating. However, I did not have any understandings of the ethical issues surrounding the topic of genetically modified humans. This particular topic is very controversial because many individuals believe that the technical advances to genetically engineering humans will interfere the nature, cause substantial environmental damage, and modifying the genome is another way of playing God. Matter of a fact, a tremendous amount of countries either discourage or outright ban the practice. On the other hand, others believe that genetic engineering is one of the most moral things we can do for humans.

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Genetically modified animals involve the changing of the genetic information by adding or removing DNA sequences in an uncommon way that is not natural. Genetic modification aims to modify certain characteristics of animals and/or introduce new traits. Those traits include resistance of diseases and growth enhancement (Ormandy, Dale, & Griffin, 2011). Keyword(s): genetic modification What is Genetic Modification?

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These days, many companies use a variety of methods for product development and stability verification. One of them, animal experimentation, has been a controversial issue in the past until now and it has also confronted with various reactions in regards to its admissibility. We need to respect and cherish the dignity of animals. They are, like humans, are entitled to basic needs and their way of life should not be intervened and determined by human beings. Also, animal experiments are an act of looking at animals and ignoring their basic rights as living beings.

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Transfection: One of the methods of gene transfer where the genetic material is deliberately introduced into the animal cell in view of studying various functions of proteins and the gene. This mode of gene transfer involves creation of pores on the cell membrane enabling the cell to receive the foreign genetic material. Transfection can be carried out using calcium phosphate (i.e. tricalcium phosphate), by electroporation, by cell squeezing or by mixing a cationic lipid with the material to produce liposomes which fuse with the cell membrane and deposit their cargo inside. The choice of methods of DNA transfer depends upon the target cells in which transformation will be performed. It also depends upon the objectives of gene manipulation.

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Health problems of GMOs include the potential of single-handedly convincing the world to stop modifying organisms (Bailey 1-4). GMOs, among the world’s silent killers, harm humans, wildlife, and the environment

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For years, the health and safety of genetically modified foods have been debated and researched by scientists, but the question still stands: should genetically modified foods be allowed for consumption? The process of genetic modification involves inserting a gene from bacteria or a virus into an organism where it would normally not be found. The purpose is to alter the genetic code in plants and animals to make them more productive or resistant to pests or farming techniques. Genetically modified organisms, more commonly known as GMOs, have been a controversial topic of debate for a number of reasons. The ethics behind genetically modified foods come into question due to an abundance of short and long-term effects from the process, many of which are still unknown today.

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Introduction: ¬¬¬¬¬¬ People have been manipulating the genetic make-up of plants and animals for countless generations. This is referred to as traditional cross breeding and involves selecting plants and animals with the most desirable characteristics (e.g. disease resistance, high yield, good meat quality) for breeding the next generation. Today’s techniques use new ways of identifying particular characteristics and transferring them between living organisms. For example, it is now possible to make a copy of a particular gene from the cells of a plant, animal or microbe, and insert the copy into the cells of another organism to give a desired characteristic. Foods derived from genetically modified organisms are called “GM foods” or “Frankenfood”.

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As I have been saying is that animals react differently and don't function with different diseases like the ones we get. And why are we implanting them into these animals and basically killing them just for it not to work on humans. Finally, According to Cruelty Free International, “90% of drugs fail in human trials despite promising results in animal tests – whether on safety grounds or because they do not work.’’ Over all animal testing is a bad thing and I hope it can stop

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This essay will look more on the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering has some advantages. Firstly it allows for faster growth rate .Genetic engineering allows of plants or animals to be modified so their maturity can occur at a quicker pace outside of the normal growth conditions that are favourable without genetic changes as well .Secondly, it may also provide a cure for disease to improve health (apecsecadmin, 2014). Genetic engineering can be used to eradicate a number of incurable and deadly disease which could be done by identifying the genes that cause these disease, and manipulate them to prevent people from contracting these potentially deadly diseases.

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Genetic engineering is a technology of genetic modification. It allows scientists to alter the arrangement of genes by manipulating the protein sequence of the gene. This technology started to gain momentum in the middle of the twentieth century, although the concept first appeared in the 1920s. With the structure of DNA being revealed in 1953, genetic engineering received a solid foundation and attracted more and more enthusiasts. The rapid progression of research caused by such interest also led to some conflicts.

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