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Observational Learning Theory

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Social Cognitive Learning theory is presented by Albert Bandura on 1961. This theory is mainly based on observation. Hence, it is also known as observational learning theory. Observational learning theory means learning of a new behavior through observing actions of a model displayed. There are four element requires in the observational learning (Bandura, 1986). The four key elements are attention, memory, imitation and desire. Nowadays, violent crime, especially crimes involving teenagers, is increasing. There is a statement stated that teenagers witness on television, movies and computer games is a direct result for increasing violent crimes. Indeed, most of the studies conducted found that exposure to violent TV shows, movies, and computer …show more content…

Teenagers in the United States spend about three to four hours per day watching television (Huesmann, 2007) and more than two hours per day playing video games. Probably, teenagers may exposed to the aggressive behavior and may imitated the behavior. A two hour long crime spree has occurred in NY on June 24, 2008, by 6 teenagers. They perpetrated a robbery with violence, several break-ins, and thefts. Finally, they were being caught. According to the authorities investigating this crime, they were found to imitate the actions from a video games: Grand Theft Auto IV. This particular case is an example of how violence in the media affects the violent behavior in actual life and it is confirmed that aggressive and violent behavior caused by exposure to violent media (Anderson et al., 2003, & US Surgeon General, 1972, 2001, as cited in Boxer, Huesmann, Bushman, O’Brien & Moceri, 2009). However, this field of studies are lacking with respect to sampling populations (Boxer, Huesmann, Bushman, O’Brien & Moceri, …show more content…

The important fact in this element is motivation. A person must have motivation to reproduce the behavior that have been observed. On the other hand, a violent behavior will not be imitate if a person has watched a violent movie and does not have the desire to copy the violent actions display by the actors. For example, teenagers have seen models in the movie stick a gun in someone’s ribs and say “Don’t move” or something to that effect. Luckily few teenagers are stimulated to reproduce that behavior, unless a real gun is with them (Ormrod, 2012). Additionally, teenagers have the chance to choose to perform an observed behavior at the same time they watch it (Hayne, Barr & Herbert, 2003). Thus, teenagers involve crimes does not witness on television, movies and computer games as they must have the motivation to reproduce the violent actions that have been

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The article “Do Video Games Kill” written by Karen Sternheimer responds to one of the most sought-after question; are video games the cause for “young killers”? (220) Sternheimer believes the influence of video games on today’s youth maybe spiraling out of control. She focuses most of the blame on the media, politicians and the Juvenile Justice System. Sternheimer suggests that there are other factors to blame for violent behavior: poverty, the neighborhood, unemployment, family violence, divorced parents and mental illness (218). While juvenile crimes have declined, and personal backgrounds effect actions, it cannot be proven that video game violence has no to little effect on America’s youth.

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In a series of classic experiments by Albert Bandura in the 1960s, preschool-aged children watched an adult attack a large blow-up clown: the Bo-Bo doll. His experiments demonstrated that young children would imitate the violent and aggressive actions of an adult model. In the experiment, children observed a film in which an adult repeatedly hit a large, inflatable balloon doll. After viewing the film clip, children were allowed to play in a room with a real Bobo doll just like the one they saw in the film. What Bandura found was that children were more likely to imitate the adult 's violent actions when the adult either received no consequences or when the adult was actually rewarded for their violent actions.

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A cognitive approach of learning-Observational Learning is described as looking at the behaviour of others and learning from them. While observing these behaviours we also learn the repercussion's associated with them such as the rewards and punishments. As we learn daily we often do not notice that we are in a do as we see society. Some behaviour's such as being polite or showing respect to people and their property is learned by way of observation. Adults play a major role in the conditioning and the development of their character.

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There are five different types of learning theories, behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, social learning, or constructivism. All of them propose various ways through which learning is realized. However, there is no single set of learning theory, which if followed to the latter can grant a tutor a perfect outcome in the classroom. For many years, the study of learning has resulted in heated debates. It has been at the center of educational psychology.

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Violent video games have been blamed for everything from bullying to school shootings. Critics of these video games believe they cause people to commit violent acts in real life. These critics, mainly comprised of parents and other responsible adults, don’t agree with what the video games portray. Others say the video games cause less violence and are an outlet for anger and stress. Although violent video games have violent actions in them, teenagers should be able to play violent video games because there isn’t enough evidence to prove they make teens more aggressive, it could prevent violence, and violent video games are a fun and relaxing way to relieve stress and anger.

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Today, it is normal for modern technology to show many forms of violence. These acts of violence may influence children and teens to be more aggressive in everyday life. For example, I babysit a pair of twin boys. Their names are Devin and Gavin. Devin and Gavin like to play video games.

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At some point in our lives, we have learned by observing the behaviors of others. Observation can play a very important role in determining what and how we learn. It can have positive or negative effects on one 's development and behavior, especially in children. This is demonstrated in the social learning theory.

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Observational learning can be defined as a learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. In my years of living, there have been several situations were observational learning occurred. In high school, I was an antisocial individual from childhood, so I did not hang with anyone that I did not have a connection with in high school. I hung with only two individuals every day, which were my best friends. If you saw one of us, the other two were not far behind.

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There are many studies on media violence and its social effects. Most of the studies have indicated that children who are exposed to media violence are more likely to exhibit violent and aggressive behaviors. As the child observes the violence, he/she is motivated by the fact that the show is enjoyable without realizing the violent behaviors. As a result, they copy and identify the behavior, and this has detrimental effects on their social life. According to Boxer et al., the content of the media has a direct impact on its audiences (420).

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Criticism on Social Learning Theory Introduction Social learning theory is a theory related to classical and operant conditioning, which proposed by Albert Bandura in 1977. According to Albert Bandura, people are active agents in learning while they use cognition and social interaction in learning (Rogers, 2010). Albert Bandura considered that people are living in the environment, therefore, human behavior should be studied in social context rather than in laboratory (Bandura, 1977).

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Juvenile delinquency is a growing social problem in the world today, as worldwide, about 200,000 murders occur among youth 10–29 years of age each year (more than 500 deaths a day), which is 43% of the total number of murders globally each year (WHO, 2016). It is defined as major or minor law breaking (e.g. murder, rape, robbery, and theft) by youth (Berger, 2000) and the United Nations defines ‘youth’, as those persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Consequently, juvenile delinquency is a critical problem in the society, which could lead to social instability by violence and insecurity perpetrated by and against young people. These problems are caused by various influential factors ranging from peer and parental influences, environmental, and strain. It also affected by family process variables (e.g. parent-child involvement, communication, parental monitoring), indeed parenting is one of the important factors among them.

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As a young child begins to mature, the different types of movies he or she may watch will affect how they behave. Violent films, are a prime example of this concept. Studies by George Gerbner, Ph.D., at the University of Pennsylvania, have proven that “children 's TV shows contain about 20 violent acts each hour” which supports the claim that these violent acts can correspond with how a child perceives the world (“Violence on Television” np). Psychological research also have shown that if a infant is exposed to violent movie, they may “...become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others, be more fearful of the world around them, and be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward each other”

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Do Video Games Promote Violence? Does virtual violence lead to actual violence? As we all know at this age of sophisticated technology and information, children are more exposed to video gaming compared to the past decades. As a result, video gaming industry has gained tremendous growth since coming into the market in the 1980s. This is because of the increased number of its consumers, especially children and teenagers.

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Some researches admit that violent games may cause adolescents to become tremendous. Studies showed that video games increase psychological awakening, it could also increase aggressive behavior, emotions and thoughts and finally let teenagers lose the sense of helping others. All these effects will be carried by aggressive young people. It’s true that video games are violent, but aggressive adolescents are more likely to be more attracted to it. Some games reward players for doing violent actions, so this will affect them negatively, letting them think that violence is normal.

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