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Allen Cutler's Journal Article Analysis

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Allen Cutler’s journal article delves in to the concept of military conflict and conversion to Christianity during the First Crusade. The author states that it was the intent of Pope Urban II who inherited his interest in crusading against Muslims from Pope Gregory VII, to Christianize Muslims, by words and example. There have been those who have argued Urban II had no interest in conversion, but Allen, counters their assumptions by presenting three document sources that imply that during Urban’s speech at Clermont he broached the subject of conversion, by referring to the Turks as “a race utterly alienated from God.” Allen surmises that Urban the implication is they were not “converted to Christianity” and therefore conversion was foremost on Pope Urban’s mind. The Pope also wanted to reinstall papal …show more content…

This event rallied the Christians onto victory and laid to rest any latent desire of Christians to convert to Islam. At the same time, Allen assumes that the appearance of the Holy Lance caused an increase in the desire by Christian crusaders to convert the Muslim, rather than kill them. Peter the Hermit’s most interesting heroics occurred when he attempted to convert Kerbogha to Christianity. Kerbogha a great leader and fierce Muslim warrior refused the offer of conversion and the suggestion of resolving the conflict by using the battle of champions. Allen question Peter’s motives in asking Kerbogha to convert, however, it is Allen’s position that Peter was the type of man who would have ceased upon the appearance of the Holy Lance and then dedicated himself to the conversion of all people to Christianity. It is Allen’s contention that because of Peter the Hermits brave acts during the First Crusade and his dedication to the conversion of Muslims and Jews to Christianity it is the reason why there was such interest in conversion of Muslim during the thirteenth

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In contrast, Eusebius account of “The Conversion of Constantine,” leaves the reader to question the validity of the authors account. For example, “And while he was thus praying with fervent entreaty, a most marvelous sign appeared to him from heaven.” In other

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Barbara Diefendorf's book, The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre is a window into the struggle of religion and secular power during the Protestant Reformation. Beyond the social elitism, mob mentality is an ever-present force that is ignited during the Religious Wars. Differences in religion are a contributor to factional tensions. Manipulation by religious leaders and misunderstanding between the two religious sects’ practices create this religious tension. Although Protestants and Catholics share the core teachings of Christianity, a struggle for secular power, feelings of tribalism, and conflicting religious ideals not only solidify the schism between these two sects of Christianity, but escalated these tensions to bloodshed.

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The journalist argues that even though the entire society wasn’t satisfied by his religious ruling, people should still appreciate the peace and resources that he provided to the needy people. With so much knowledge about Christianity and being devoted, Jacob provides a strong perspective about Charles’ religious life because he is very religious himself as he explains praying to the Holy Rosary has made him appreciate the kind acts that Charles has shown as the Count of Flanders. Moreover, White provides a lot of evidences by using quotes in the Holy Rosary that supports why Charles refers to Holy Scriptures while ruling Flanders. Throughout this article, I found White’s analysis of Count Charles’ religious life really useful because he provides good examples of why religion has made a big impact to governing a society and how religion can change people’s perspective into believing certain

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Unfortunately for Christians, this concern was combined with suspicious preoccupation with state security and a tendency to interfere in internal affairs of ostensibly self-governing cities. In one letter he tells how to deal with Christians “They are not to be hunted out. [Although] any who are accused and convicted should be punished, with the proviso that if a man says he is not a Christian and makes it obvious by his actual conduct—namely, by worshiping our gods—then, however suspect he may have been with regard to the past, he should gain pardon from his repentance.”

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For example, in That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew, written in 1523, Luther condemned the inhuman treatment of the Jews, “I hope that if one deal in a kindly way with the Jews and instructs them carefully from Holy Scripture, many of them will become genuine Christians […].” In this, we understand that he is urging Christians to treat them kindly and hoping the Jews can convert to Christianity through the sweetness. The motive of writing this article is to refute Ferdinand's defamation of Protestants in the state government of Nuremberg. Besides, he also wanted to prove that Jews might want to convert to Christianity.

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Pope Urban II is without a doubt the reason why the The First Crusades started. It was through his deliberate actions and monumental speech that a spark was created and would end up leading to the crusades. His words and authoritative position within the Church are also important to recognize for they had a huge influence on the attitudes and direction that The First Crusades took. The impact of this speech is especially relevant when it comes to Stephen the Count of Blois and Chartres who took the words of Urban and put them into action. A letter from Stephen to his wife, Adele, helps give an idea as to the value that Stephen held in respects to the Pope’s speech where the Stephens Actions are reasoned through the words of the Urban II.

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In 1095, Pope Urban the II received an urgent message from the Byzantine Emperor asking for aid in the west. He asked Urban to send the Christian people to claim back the land they believed was rightfully theirs from the Turks (Muslims). Pope Urban said that he had received a message from God to tell the Christians that they needed to go on a crusade. He told them

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And that is exactly what happened when a group called the Seljuk Turks took over the city and all of Palestine, the surround area. Fearing the impending aggression by the Seljuk Turks on the Byzantine Christians, emperor Alexios, in the year 1095, decided to call for help from Pope Urban II. This action by emperor Alexios officially would start what would come to be known as the first of eight crusades. While the merits of the first crusade were mostly rooted in religion, its practice and the control of Jerusalem, most of the other crusades were ruthless, brutal, and only vaguely motivated by religion. The crusades should be remembered as a negative time in history because of their brutality against minorities (Jews, Byzantine Christians) and their only marginal motivation by religion which caused the suffering of many innocent people and a lack of overall success for followers of the Christian

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Robert the Monk, a man who was at the sermon of Clermont where Pope Urban II gave a rousing call to crusade, writes that Urban says “For this land that you inhabit… is choking under your great multitude. It has no real riches and provides barely enough food for farmers” and even writes that he

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The journal article “The Siege of Lisbon and the Second Crusade” written by Alan Forey questions the validity of St. Bernard’s letter 308 and the significance of the “Lisbon letter.” Some historical analyses of the letters imply that St. Bernard provided prior knowledge to Portugal’s King Afonso Henriques regarding the northern fleet’s siege of Lisbon in 1147. Forey opens his essay by questioning the authenticity of letter 308 by writing “This letter first appears in Brito’s Chronica de Cister, published in 1602: and it is generally accepted that this work is based partly on documents which are not genuine.” St. Bernard was a key figure in promoting, recruiting Christian warriors, and fulling the papacy’s desires regarding the Second Crusade.

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The Crusades negatively impacted Constantinople. Although Pope Urban was given a lot more power than he previously had, the Crusades negatively impacted Constantinople and its people even more because the Crusades destroyed their economy and created a bad look for Christians in Constantinople. The Crusades started when the Pope commanded Western Christians to fight alongside the Byzantines and to capture Jerusalem from the Muslims. After Pope Urban's command, many people obeyed and were willing to fight. These people included people from the military elite and ordinary citizens.

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In Urban’s Call to the Crusades according to Fulchers Chartres Pope Urban II is seen saying dying for the holy war will absolve all sins “All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested” (Bonhomme, 507). This reward for fighting in the holy war shows that the war was not fought because Muslims were disliked by Christians instead the Christians believed that they were restoring the holy land to the rightful owner and that if they were to die doing so would be absolved of all sin. This overall shows the power and commitment they had to retake the holy land. This is a way also the rationale for the Christians to start the Crusades.

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