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Green Tea Pathogens

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Increasing incidences of antibiotic resistance among pathogens has created a demand to explore alternative treatment approaches. One such approach involves evaluating plant derived compounds for their activity against drug resistant pathogens. This study aims at examining the effect of green tea leaf extracts (GTE) on Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing gram negative uropathogens. An ethanolic extract of GTE was prepared using soxhlet apparatus and its effect was studied on seven gram negative MBL producing uropathogens with respect to its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). In addition, the synergistic activity of ampicillin (a β-lactam drug) with GTE was carried out by agar dilution method to analyze the reduction in MBC of ampicillin in the presence of sub-lethal concentrations of GTE. The MIC of GTE for the MBL producing uropathogens was found to be similar to that of ampicillin. However, in presence of sub lethal concentrations of GTE, the MIC of ampicillin was reduced for most cultures …show more content…

This practice inactivates indigenous oxidizing enzymes, thereby maintaining in the leaves a level of polyphenols that is much higher than those found in Black Tea or Oolong Tea [13]. Green tea polyphenols, collectively known as catechins, comprise 30% -40 % of the extractable solids of dried green tea leaves. They include Epicatechin (EC), Epicatechin gallate (ECG), Epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), all of which have demonstrable bactericidal activity against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria [14, 15]. Studies performed on the biological activity of GTE and tea polyphenols have implicated catechins to be the main components, possessing anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and chemo-preventive properties [16, 17, 18,

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Gram positive organisms are susceptible to antibiotics such as penicillin (Introduction to Penicillins, 2012). This is because, gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, a sugar and peptide coating that gives a cell its shape and helps it stay intact (Wiley, 2004). The original antibiotic, penicillin, and the likes are used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are gram positive. Based on the scope of the experiment and the materials needed, a budget estimate of $1,000.00 would be needed to buy reagents and materials for this experiment.

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The other mediums were lacking all the necessary components for the activation of the GFP protein. The non-transformed E. Coli will be in the LB and LB + ARA plates since there is no ampicillin to kill

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The Mut section is expected to have no growth as mutants require the amino acids leucine and valine to grow which is not provided in the minimal medium. Results Figure 2. Testing of mutant mixed with DNA, mutant bacteria and DNA on LB medium Growth was observed on the Transformed (Trsf) section and the Mutant (Mut) section but not on the DNA section. Due to human errors, the photo of our experiment was lost, but we have obtained similar results as from group1.1 and their photo is presented.

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“Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that the two groups differed in sensitivity to penicillin and erythromycin, but no other antibiotics.” (Article abstract).Out of the nine hundred samples they took, the group showed the bacteria was defeated by the antibiotic penicillin and the antibiotic erythromycin but the other antibiotics didn’t touch the bacteria. The experiment showed people only two antibiotics were fighting off the bacteria. The two of which are being over used and over time will no longer work. If the bacteria continues to grow bigger and better, the antibiotics for ear infections aren’t going to work which leads to hearing loss, even to the extent of going

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The hypothesis for this experiment was that transformed bacterial cells would grow on ampicillin plates and glow green when exposed to UV light. The rationale for this hypothesis was because the plasmid would code for ampicillin resistance and a green fluorescent protein, we would have the outcome explained in the hypothesis. 4. Our predictions were that for the standard protocol plates with agar and ampicillin, there would be growth and the colonies would glow under UV light. On the modified protocol on plates with agar and ampicillin where we changed the time of the heat shock, we expected less growth but the colonies would still glow.

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This experiment was tested on two conditions: +pGLO and -pGLO. +pGLO has the plasmid and -pGLO does not have the plasmid. Along with those conditions, ampicillin is added in the agar plate to destroy the non-transformed cells because scientist want to select only the transformed bacterial cells and the experiment is efficient at ten percent. To resist the antibiotic, the bacteria needs Beta lactamase that provide the enzyme. This allows the bacterial to break down the antibiotic and grow and with the plasmid.

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But, since no arabinose was present, the bacteria was unable to glow. In the second dish, +pGLO LB/amp/ara, the bacteria was able to glow and grow since there was the pGLO plasmid which contains the gene that is ampicillin resistant, and the sugar arabinose which activates the araC gene which allows the bacteria to glow. In the third dish, -pGLO LB/amp, the bacteria did not glow or

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The purpose of this lab was to perform a procedure known as genetic transformation which allowed us to genetically engineer E. Coli to be ampicillin resistance. Before the lab we expected that lysogeny broth and minus DNA will have growth but no glow. The lysogeny broth, ampicillin, and

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This led to the development and use of a penicillinase resistant beta-lactam antibiotic, including oxacillin and flucloxacillin. Combination therapy with gentamicin can also be used to treat more serious infections, but it can have a high risk of kidney

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Our hypothesis was that if the plate contains only the LB broth the E. coli bacteria would have no antibiotic resistance and would not glow. If the plate contains just LB broth and ampicillin then the E. coli bacteria will have antibiotic resistance only if the plasmid is present. If the plate contains LB broth, ampicillin and arabinose then the E. coli bacteria will glow fluorescent under a UV light and it will have antibiotic resistance. Similar to our expectations our results suggested that our hypothesis was correct. This is due to the fact that n order for the E coli.

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Aseptic technique was initiated at the beginning of this experiment by cleaning the work surface with disinfected wipes. Personal protectives equipment was also worn. The material utilized in this experiment was: S. epidermidis culture broth, sterile cotton swab, streak plate, forceps in 70% alcohol, a lit tea light, and the three antibiotic disks (novobiocin, gentamicin, penicillin). The first step, I divided a plate into three quadrants and labelled them with the different antibiotic names. Using the lit tea light, like a bursen burner, I flamed the mouth of the S. epidermidis culture.

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In the laboratory, identification of an unknown bacterium is often necessary. In the lab, a random sample consisting of three different bacteria was selected. The sample contained one gram-positive, one gram-negative paracolon, and one gram-negative coliform. The purpose of the experiment is to identify each of the three species that the mixture contained. After receiving an unknown mixture, the sample was streaked for isolation onto TSA, blood agar, and MacConkey plates.

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A comparative research study has give evident that cocoa have higher antioxidant activity than black tea, green tea, and red wine. iii. Antioxidants help to neutralize the oxygen-based free radicals that are present in the body. iv. Free radicals are associated with human disease, including cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer 's disease, Parkinson 's disease and many others.

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Small factors like frying, boiling and preparing the leaves is done with utmost care and precision. Many types of tea is consumed throughout China, HK and Taiwan, one of the most popular ones are white tea (bái chá), green tea (lǜ chá), oolong tea (wūlóng chá), black tea (hóng chá) and Pu-Erh Tea (Pǔ ěr chá). Tea is also appreciated as one of the seven necessities of the Chinese life, and is consumed throughout the day. It is most commonly taken as a substitute for water in the daily life of the Chinese people, and consumed with other drinks during meals. Big jugs of tea are also used by many of my classmates, who say it helps them relax in a pressured

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