13. Erik Erikson a.(June 15, 1902- May 12, 1994) b. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Erikson A. Erikson’s contribution was his theory that there are 8 stages of development that humans go through, called psychosocial stages. From Trust vs. Mistrust (occurring in infancy) to Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood), these stages are crises that show conflict between the needs of the individual and society. If they are not resolved, they cause problems with the self. B. Erikson’s psychosocial stages impacted psychology because although Freud had already proposed a theory for stages of human development, they were restricted to childhood. Erikson proposed a series of stages that extended from infancy to late adulthood. This made his theory …show more content…
Carl J. Jung a. (July 26, 1875- June 6, 1961) b. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung A. Jung was a Neo-Freudian who introduced the idea of collective unconscious, a storage of content that comes from not the individual’s experience, but the human races as a whole. He also introduced the concept of archetypes, images of the collective unconscious. The concepts of introversion and extraversion were popularized by Jung. In addition, he contributed theory of type, an idea that people all experience the world in varying ways. B. His contributions impacted psychology- from Jung’s ideas on personality came the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, a well-known test. His ideas of introversion and extraversion have become common terms in today’s language. Some modern-day psychologists also agree that human’s common history has affected people’s attitudes. C. I ranked Jung as 14th because his ideas on personality have made such an impact on modern psychology. The Myers-Briggs test is based on Jung’s ideas and is among one of the most used psychology tests today. However, some of his famous ideas, such as collective unconscious are controversial and many psychologists do not follow them. 15. Edward …show more content…
(August 31, 1874 – August 9, 1949) b. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndike A. Thorndike contributed to learning theory. He observed animals in puzzle boxes and measured the amount of time it took for the animal to escape. This was used to test learning in a controlled manner. He is also known for his law of effect, which states that any behavior that has pleasant consequences will be repeated, but any behavior with negative consequences will be stopped. B. Thorndike has contributed to psychology, specifically in the area of learning. His work with the cats in puzzle boxes led to operant conditioning, in which learning is based on consequences. It also led to his law of effect, which showed the importance of reinforcements, which encourage behavior and punishments, which discourage behavior. He has also influenced other psychologists, such as Skinner, in their work with studying learning. C. I ranked Thorndike 15th because through his work, he realized that animals learn based on consequences, but also by trial and error. This is important because this also applies to humans too. This discovery led to operant conditioning, an important form of learning. Operant conditioning today is used in a variety of settings, such as school, in counseling, and to train