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Antibiotics And Antibiotic Resistance

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Antibiotics are widely used throughout the world for agricultural, industrial, and medical purposes. The primary concern for the use of microbes is its growing resistance to common antibiotics released within the environment. Antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) have been prevalent in aquatic environments such as the public drinking water treatment system, source water, and tap water and multiple researchers have conducted tests to observe the effectiveness of the water treatment plants in the removal of harmful contaminants. While a
This review aims to discuss the antibiotic resistance crisis in order to find solutions to combat the main source of selection pressure that causes antibiotic resistance to occur.
Mutations provide a source for bacteria to become resistant within the environment. Antibiotic resistance has become a growing issue, as …show more content…

A study conducted by Marti et al (2013) found that the spread of antibacterial resistance genes came from wastewater treatment plant contaminants into the environment. Antibacterial genes were found more prevalent in downstream samples compared to upstream samples of bacterial communities. Antibiotic resistant genes have contaminated the public source water through the water supply system that allows antibiotics to thrive in the environment. To understand the mechanisms behind ARG, Cirz et al (2005) tested how inhibiting the pathway of a protease will affect E coli to gain resistance. Their findings showed that by inhibiting the mutation, it could be one of the possible ways of preventing bacteria from becoming resistant in the environment. Another study conducted by Riesenfeld et al (2004) cloned cultured

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Large-scale deletions can occur in the genome of certain bacteria. In Salmonella enterica, scientists found that more genome deletions occurred when the mismatch repair mechanism was mutated (Nilsson et al. 2005). Deleting parts of the genome can result in changes in the organism’s fitness (Nilsson et al. 2005). These two processes affecting the genome are tied to increased fitness.

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IS THE POSSIBILITY OF POST-ANTIBIOTICS REAL? Imagining the Post-Antibiotics Future is an essay written by Maryn McKenna to emphasize focus on our lack of appreciation for what antibiotics have done for us and will continue to do for us, but only if we let them. She presents a very insightful and eye opening argument. She relies heavily on a very personal story as well as many facts and research to create such a convincing argument. McKenna begins her essay with recalling a time in which she found out about the death of her great-uncle due to a very infection.

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Introduction A mutation is a heritable change that is passed from the mother cell to progeny cells. Mutations may lead to good, bad or neutral phenotypic changes in the organism. They may occur spontaneously as in random DNA replicative errors or may be induced by mutagenic chemicals or radiation. Besides mutations, another way that bacteria achieve gene diversity is through the three known mechanisms for intercellular gene transfer.

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“Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that the two groups differed in sensitivity to penicillin and erythromycin, but no other antibiotics.” (Article abstract).Out of the nine hundred samples they took, the group showed the bacteria was defeated by the antibiotic penicillin and the antibiotic erythromycin but the other antibiotics didn’t touch the bacteria. The experiment showed people only two antibiotics were fighting off the bacteria. The two of which are being over used and over time will no longer work. If the bacteria continues to grow bigger and better, the antibiotics for ear infections aren’t going to work which leads to hearing loss, even to the extent of going

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In addition, it is important to know when to use antibiotics. Considering our bodies have their own immune system to combat bacteria, most illnesses improve on their own over time. As our immune system battles any bacteria, it becomes stronger and

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Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria reformat themselves in order to become unaffected by the drugs or substances created to terminate them (About Antimicrobial Resistance). They gain resistance to the drugs which causes the drugs to be ineffective of use and leads to more harm. Antibiotic resistance commonly occurs within patients because of physicians misusing or overusing antibiotics. This creates a common resistance to patients and resulting in the constant creation for new antibiotics that would treat the bacteria (Antibiotic Resistance). The main conflict generally evolves from medical stewardship where physicians have the responsibility to optimally heal their patients to their best efforts (Medical Ethics and the Stewardship

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Fleming’s penicillin alone has saved an estimated 200 million lives (New World Encyclopedia Contributors 2013). Not only would antibiotics combat 50 percent of common illness threatening seamen, but also would prevent any potential bacterial infections brought on by environmental ailments like carbon dioxide poisoning, scurvy, and malnutrition. Though antibiotics are not a safeguard against any contractible sickness, they are an explicit defense against bacterial infections, which were the most common form of infection among

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Even though antibiotics can be very beneficial in curing infections and saving lives, the careless, mishandled use of these drugs are a major threat to society. Resistance comes with evolution and humans need to be careful not speed up this process. Just like Ricky Lannetti, even the healthiest of people can be affected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteria resistance is not slowing down anytime soon, so it is up to the human race to become responsible for their applications of these powerful drugs. Theresa Drew was able to voice a warning after the death of Ricky, “My only son was killed on December 6th, 2003.

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1. In the video, it was stated that racial classifications are arbitrary. Please explain how racial classifications are arbitrary. Racial classifications are arbitrary. Many “scientists” in societies have tried to prove that some races were more evolutionarily developed than other races with the use of eugenics, but race is a social construct to categorize people with similar features into the same sub-groups. Humans are all one species, and race is nothing more than expressed phenotypes.

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It could have also been helpful to show a diagram of how the cell transfers the genetic information containing antibiotic resistance characteristics.

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New studies and experiments like laboratory adaptations are far more complex, than natural ones. In like manner, Jerry Coyne describes the relation between the natural selection, and the evolution process of bacteria. In other words, those diseases and bacteria also evolve and become resistant to antibiotics, and the diseases and viruses also evolve to resist certain medications. The HIV virus is a good example of viruses becoming resistant to medication, because it became resistant to azido thymidine. This reality is scary for future generations of humans trying to survive through more resistant and dangerous diseases and

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The infection death rate of the Allies vanished amid WW2 when penicillin

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Antibiotics are also one of the fastest increasingly used prescription drugs because many people live a stressed, unhealthy lifestyle. The highest prescribed drug in many areas is antibiotics. This can be expected due to seasonal illnesses, chronic sickness, and poor health and living conditions. Many people become dependent on

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Mr. Elwad states that research has shown that cleaning of the water supply will give way to a much less harmful strain of a bacterium, why? Because that bacteria will not be able to flourish in the bodies of healthy people therefore the recession to a harmless form of bacteria. The Evolutionary biologists suggests the domestication of pathogens as a way of curing disease or even better preventing these diseases from mutating to much more dangerous strains. Evolutionary Medicine is very important to the human race because it provides another approach to health science and gives us a glimpse to future of medicine. It also helps us to understand how the human body works when it comes to protecting itself against some harmful organism.

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For centuries there has been rousing controversy on whether cloning is the right step to advance in the science world. As research and experiments thrive with the advancement of technology and science, we are getting closer to the inevitable reality of cloning. Today, the question remains unanswered whether to, “clone or not to clone”. Under the Webster Dictionary the definition of cloning is, “the aggregate of genetically identical cells or organisms asexually produced by or from a single progenitor cell or organism”. When the idea of cloning arises, society tends to ask itself is it right or wrong.

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