I. Slavery and the Empire
A. Atlantic Trade
1. “Triangular Trade”
a. Africa, Europe, America 2. Caused the racism 3. Central to world economy
B. Africa and the Slave Trade
1. African elites sold their people to slavery. a. Benin and a few other societies opted out.
2. Western Africa closest area to Europe, most of the trade a. Europeans didn’t go past the coast, dealers had monopoly.
C. The Middle Passage
1. Middle Passage- slave voyage across Atlantic a. Unhealthy conditions, high death rates.
2. Majority of slaves went to Brazil, Spanish & Portuguese empires. a. High death rates meant high demand.
D. Chesapeake Slavery
1. Chesapeake slavery was based on tobacco.
2. Chesapeake slavery was based on tobacco.
3. Chesapeake plantations
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The colonial elected assemblies exercised great influence over the appointed officials. D. The Rise of the Assemblies
1. Elected assemblies became dominant and assertive in colonial politics in the eighteenth century.
2. The most powerful assembly was in Pennsylvania, followed by those in
Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, and South Carolina.
3. Leaders of the assemblies found in the writings of the English Country Party a theory that made sense of their own experience.
E. Politics in Public
1. The American gentry were very active in the discussion of politics, particularly through clubs.
a. Junto was a club for mutual improvement founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1727.
F. The Colonial Press
1. Widespread literacy and the proliferation of newspapers encouraged political discourse.
2. Book stores, circulating libraries, and weekly newspapers all contributed to the dissemination of information.
G. Freedom of Expression and Its Limits
1. Freedom of speech was a relatively new idea.
2. Freedom of the press was generally viewed as dangerous.
3. After 1695, the government could not censor print material, and colonial newspapers defended freedom of the press as a central component of
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The French empire in the early eighteenth century expanded.
2. The French tended to view North America as a place of cruel exile for criminals and social outcasts.
VII. Battle for the Continent
A. The Middle Ground
1. Indians were constantly being pushed from their homes into a “middle ground” between European empires and Indian sovereignty.
2. The government of Virginia gave an immense land grant in 1749 to the Ohio
Company.
B. The Seven Years’ War
1. The war began in 1754 as the British tried to dislodge the French from western Pennsylvania.
2. For two years, the war went against the British.
3. The tide of war turned in 1757, when William Pitt became the British prime minister. C. A World Transformed
1. The Peace of Paris in 1763 resulted in the expulsion of France from North
America.
2. Pitt declared that peace would be as hard to make as war, and the war indeed put future financial strains on all the participants.
D. Pontiac’s Rebellion
1. With the removal of the French, the balance-of-power diplomacy that had enabled groups like the Iroquois to maintain a significant degree of autonomy was eliminated.
2. In 1763 Indians launched a revolt against British rule.
3. Neolin spoke of a pan-Indian identity.
E. The Proclamation