ipl-logo

Apomorphine Research Paper

1402 Words6 Pages

APOMORPHINE AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE History of apomorphine The early reported synthesis of apomorphine was by Arppe in 1845 and later by Matthiesen and Wright in 1869 which involved reacting morphine with hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid respectively ((Art 2 from 218). Thereafter, apomorphine had found its use in veterinary therapeutics to treat problems associated with behavior of farmyard animals. By 1874, it was known that apomorphine led to emetic effects along with various effects influencing the central nervous system. In medicine, it was recommended as emetic, sedative, as well as treatment for narcotic and alcohol addiction. Weil in 1884 suggested apomorphine for its potential use in treating Parkinson’s disease (14 from 218). Schwab and his co-workers and Cotzias (17 and 18 from 218) confirmed Weil’s suggestion where they found a significant decrease in tremors and rigidity associated with Parkinson’s disease. (ART 11 and 12 from 11). Physicochemical properties of …show more content…

Oxidation of apomorphine is one of the challenges when it is formulated as aqueous solutions. It spontaneously undergoes oxidative decomposition in aqueous solution to yield a bluish-green color in presence of light and air (Art 31 and Burkman et al., 1963a; 1963b from Art 66). The catechol group of the apomorphine molecule is susceptible for oxidation to form a quinone (Art 66, 31, and 5 from Art 31). The decomposition of apomorphine is dependent on its concentration, pH and temperature of the solution (Art 147, 31). The chemical half-life is reported to be 39 min in conditions similar to that of plasma (at 37 ºC and pH 7.4) (Art 147). The additions of antioxidants or chelating agents which chelate oxidants or alteration of the formulation pH are some approaches reported in literature to prevent the autooxidation (Wilcox et al., 1988 from Art 66, 44 to 46 in Art

Show More
Related

What Is Patient Treatment In The Awakenings

504 Words | 3 Pages

The patient's Dr. Sayer was treating did not have Parkinson’s disease but had symptoms of it. It was wrong to give these patients this drug because they did not have the disease the drug was for. In the end of the movie Leonard started having side effects from the drug. In experimental material this was good because the doctors found the drug did not work. It was also wrong, it gave Leonard false hope that he would be better when he wasn’t.

Read More

Encephalitis In Awakenings

944 Words | 4 Pages

Parkinson’s has a whole lot to do with dopamine. When there is no dopamine, there is almost nothing. there are some motor reflexes, which explains why all the patients in the movie were able to catch a ball, but not able to seat themselves or eat their own meals. As parkinson’s disease progresses, the amount of dopamine produced in the body decreases, leaving the body unable to move at will and in a catastrophic state. It’s logical to assume that what was also related to the problem in the movie was the very problem of Parkinson’s...lack of

Read More

Clozapine Case Summary

1444 Words | 6 Pages

Initially Clozapine was suggested as the ideal treatment of Parkinson’s disease psychosis and the first report of its use was in a single patient in 1985. The patient who also suffered from schizophrenia and ultimately developed idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, became intolerant of any antipsychotic because of extremely severe Parkinsonism. The psychosis also worsened with the use of anti-Parkinson medication without the use of an antipsychotic. Ultimately the patient was put on Clozapine which improved both the motor function and psychiatric condition. Two multicenter double blind placebo controlled trials were performed in the United States and in France.

Read More

Paraxanthine Research Paper

66 Words | 1 Pages

Paraxanthine is a particularly important substance to take into consideration in the experiment as it is a dimethylxanthine that is very similar to that of caffeine. Due to the similarity in structure, paraxanthine is also a psychoactive central nervous system stimulant which has been proven to have a similar level of toxicological potency as caffeine. This means that it could potentially cause similar effects as

Read More

Oxycontin Research Paper

610 Words | 3 Pages

OxyContin Emmanuela Brown Pharmacology Mr.JD Southern Technical College Have you ever thought of why people get additive to Pharmacia drugs. What are the street values of those drugs? Why are these drugs so important if various people are abusing and getting addictive to them? “Acadiana Addiction Center says, people get addicted, because it causes a Euphoric high caused by stimulation of the reward center of the brain (acandiana addiction center, n.d.). There is always someone going to abuse this drug, because of how it makes you feel.

Read More

Methamphetamine Research Paper

1158 Words | 5 Pages

To see how Methamphetamine first started we can look back at Germany in 1887 when chemist Rumano Edeleano first synthesized Amphetamine a stimulant used to suppress appetite, but was latter know to have additional effects making the user feel alert and energetic. By 1919 Japanese chemist had derived Methamphetamine from Amphetamine it happened to be more potent and easier to make. They also found that the crystalline powder would dissolve in water and injecting was the preferred method. By world war 2 Methamphetamine went into wide use by the Americans and Japanese both used it to keep their troops awake, but Japan was known to give high doses to Kamikaze pilots before they went on their suicide missions. After the war the drug was widely

Read More

The Awakenings Movie Review

1479 Words | 6 Pages

The movie “Awakenings” is a story about a doctor's extraordinary work in the Sixties with a group of catatonic patients he finds languishing in a Bronx hospital. Speculating that their rigidity may be akin to an extreme form of Parkinsonism, he seeks permission from his skeptical superiors to treat them with L-dopa, a drug that was used to treat Parkinson's disease at the time. It was Dr. Sacks' inspired understanding of this state as possibly responsive to the drug L-dopa that led to the opening of

Read More

Huntington's Disease Research Paper

1090 Words | 5 Pages

High intake levels of caffeine and nicotine increase a high and unbalanced amount of dopamine levels, which is one of the causes of the development of Parkinson’s disease. The results of unbalanced and high levels of dopamine are the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the

Read More

Ayahuasca Research Paper

1614 Words | 7 Pages

Francisco Garcia Drugs and Behavior University of Houston Clear Lake March 12, 2018 The Uses and Effects of Ayahuasca Uses and Effects of Ayahuasca Ayahuasca is a relatively new psychoactive substance that was discovered in the early 1900’s around the Amazon Rainforest; Amazonian indigenous tribes have been using ayahuasca for thousands of years religiously. In the last hundred years Brazilian culture has expanded into a more

Read More

Research Paper On Parkinson's Disease

1438 Words | 6 Pages

People with Parkinson’s disease lack dopamine-producing nerve cells, or neurons, since the disease targets and kills these cells. Dopamine is important for us because it is a chemical that allows messages to be sent of the parts of the brain that control movements and some forms of thinking. The disease also affects

Read More

Negative Effects Of TBHQ On The Human Body

1343 Words | 6 Pages

Anti-oxidative compounds/preservatives can be naturally found or synthetically produced in laboratories, since TBHQ is not naturally found, it is a large scale synthetically produced preservative (Marmesat, S., A. Morales, J. Velasco, and M.C. Dobarganes). TBHQ is not only used in foods, it is commonly found in aviation/normal fuel, food packing, make-up, paints, medicines, plastic etc. (Pennebaker, Holly.) ( Race, Sharla)( BRUNDRETT, Ross, and Peta HELLARD.). TBHQ was created to try and address a problem, this problem was that most foods expired very quickly and therefore, the companies would have to throw away masses of food and they would have to be replaced with freshly produced foods.

Read More

Rohypnol Research Paper

2164 Words | 9 Pages

The Date Rape Drug: Rohypnol Most people are familiar with hearing the term date-rape. It is a widely talked about and controversial subject. When most people hear the term “date-rape”, you think about an individual drugging another with the intent to cause harm sexually. However, rarely do people know what the actual name of or what drug or drugs are actually being used in date rape crimes.

Read More

Crystal Meth Research Paper

891 Words | 4 Pages

Abstract This study examines thoroughly how the crystal meth effects an individual and society, the paper aims to show how harmful this drug is, and how people get harmed by the drug named methamphetamine or referred to as a crystal meth. Meth belongs to the drugs that’s known as psychostimulants, this drug creates a false sense of happiness and well-being. For many of the meth addicts to quit can be daunting or terrifying. There is no medication approved for the treatment and the effects are short has long termed consequences.

Read More

Free Radical Research Paper

1019 Words | 5 Pages

Superoxide radical (•O2–) is a good reducing molecule but it considered as poor oxidising agent.

Read More

Tramadol: A Synthetic Opioid Analysis

1093 Words | 5 Pages

It has an analgesic potency that is about one tenth of that of morphine. In addition to its pain relieving properties, it has anti-depressive and anxiolytic properties (Kusari ,S., etall,2015). Tramadol 's metabolism occurs in the liver by demethylation, which is mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, glucuronidation, and sulfation. Metabolism of tramadol via CYP2D6 result in the generation of an active metabolite

Read More

More about Apomorphine Research Paper

Open Document