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Baddeley And Hitch: The Classic Model Of Working Memory

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The classic model of working memory was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 (Courtney, Ungerleider, Keil & Haxby, 1996). Working memory is responsible for the maintenance and controlled manipulation of information before it can be recollected (Aben, Stapert & Blokland, 2012). Baddeley and Hitch had proposed that working memory consisted of three key components; the central executive, phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad (Aben, Stapert, & Blockland, 2012). The central executive is primarily responsible for reasoning, decision making, and the coordination of operations of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, and dual-task performance (Logie, 1995). The phonological loop is responsible for the storage and manipulation …show more content…

In past studies, research has demonstrated that participants often automatically adopt strategies of verbal encoding to remember the identity of objects, even when relatively ‘nonverbalisable’. (Postle, D’Esposito & Corkin, 2005). The theory of simultaneous multiple encoding describes the representations of objects in working memory as semantic codes, that is, words encoded according to the semantic properties of the object. Postle, D’Esposito and Corkin (2005) state that verbal information associated with the object by the participant may be applied in addition to its visual features. It was found that the automaticity of verbal coding failed to apply to all visually presented information, including location (Postle, D’Esposito & Corkin, 2005). Postle, D’Esposito and Corkin (2005) suggested that location is assumed to be represented in a nonverbal analog code. Additionally, studies conducted by Simmons (1996) suggested that memory for objects was substantially worse than for location because object working memory was sensitive to experimental manipulations that aimed to suppress verbal encoding strategies (Postle, D’Esposito & Corkin, 2005). While, the memory code used to remember location is nonverbal, therefore, it is not affected by verbal

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Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. Some speculations on storage and retrieval processes in long-term memory. Technical Report 127, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, 1968. Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals.

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Psychologists have been intrigued by memory distortions for quite some time. Numerous studies have been conducted on several different components of false memories; producing false memories with or without recognition (Seamon, Luo, & Gallo, 1998), the interaction between language used and memory (Loftus & Palmer 1974), avoiding false memories (Gallo, Roberts, & Seamon, 1997), and research regarding norms for word lists used in memory experiments (Stadler, Roediger, & McDermott,

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on the effects of dementia on working memory. The study was based on a model by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. The model consists three parts; the central executive, which “serves as a middleman” (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974), and controls the flow of information for the two other systems; the visuospatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop. The visuospatial sketchpad is responsible for storing visual and spatial information, whereas the phonological loop stores verbal content. Kensinger found that when the victim is suffering from dementia, in this case, Alzheimer’s (which is a reduction in memory that gradually progresses), his “semantic memory is compromised” (Kensinger et al., 2004), which is the knowledge of words and actions.

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Unconscious transference has been found to affect eyewitness recall. Unconscious transference refers to the misidentification of an innocent person as the perpetrator due to seeing them in another context e.g before or when the event occurred. This occurs because of the way our brain retrieves information. In order to recall an event we have to reconstruct information using nerve pathways that were associated together during the event.

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Moreover, “a behavioural syndrome results showing not only semantic-memory impairment but also particular difficulty remembering past events as personal happenings” (Tulving, 1989). Lastly, in Endel Tulving’s conclusion to his article he states “traditionally held views about the unity of memory are no longer tenable. A more appropriate view seems to be that of multiple memory systems. Remembering one’s past is a different, perhaps more advanced, achievement of the brain than simply knowing about it” ( Tulving,

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This brings back to the idea that memories aren’t reliable but in fact they have been constructed according to our beliefs and stereotypes. This can also be seen in Allport and Postman’s study where participants were asked to recall details of a picture. The participants stated that the black man was the person who was holding the razor when in reality it was the white man. This demonstrated that our memories are actively being

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According to Richards (2004), attention can be stated as the selective improvement of some behavior to the detriments of other behavior. Attention is also an important skill that significantly influences an individual’s ability to complete daily tasks safely (Jefferson Health System, n.d). Attention and working memory are strongly linked and the relationship between working memory and attention suggest a close connection, even isomorphism (Fougnie, 2008). Content of working memory and attention often overlap as working memory capacity can be increased with attention (Turner & Engle, 1989). The ability to selectively process information (attention) and to retain information in an accessible state (working memory) is critical aspects of our cognitive capacities (Fougnie,

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