When looking back on the changes and continuities of commerce throughout the Indian Ocean regions from 650 AD to 1750 AD, many noteworthy aspects can be seen. One such continuity was repeated usage of trade routes by different merchants and economic groups to import and export goods. Another significant change was the increase of involvement by European traders. Overtime they began to involve themselves more and more in the Indian Ocean trade networks and even began to colonize land.
In Afonso de Albuquerque’s book, he have say, “This was the best place to intercept the trade... we would close the Straits so that never again would the Muslims be able to bring their spices by this route... I am very sure that, if this Malacca trade is taken out of their hands, Cairo and Mecca will be completely lost.” This address how the Portuguese are taking out the Muslims from the trade routes. However, Islam have play a key role in the Indian Ocean trade like Ibn Battuta whom according to Berkeley Orias, “main reason to travel was to go on a Hajj, or a Pilgrimage to Mecca, to fulfill the fifth pillar of Islamic...
Christopher Columbus was deeply inspired by the prophecies of the apocalypse and envisioned that he would be the “forerunner” of the Iberian ruler who reconquers Jerusalem before the apocalypse (von Sivers, Desnoyers, and Stow 468). Columbus contented he could reach Jerusalem from India by travelling east to the Portuguese court (von Sivers, Desnoyers, and Stow 468). In spite of sharing the same apocalyptic beliefs, the Portuguese monarchy did not felt Columbus’ ocean calculations were accurate (von Sivers, Desnoyers, and Stow 468). Ultimately, Columbus was able to complete his expeditions once Ferdinand of Isabella of Spain accepted allowed Columbus to conduct his voyage to what they believed would Asia (von Sivers, Desnoyers, and Stow 468). In spite of not being able to fulfil his prophecy of reconquering Jerusalem through India, the apocalyptic fervor sweeping Europe deeply influenced his
Between 600 CE to 1750 CE, the process by which trade was conducted on the Indian Ocean changed dramatically. With the new maritime knowledge in the Indian Ocean, larger ships were able to connect Africa to the rest of the Indian Ocean network, leading to merchant Diaspora which continued throughout the era. From 1000 CE to 1400 CE, African city-states began to grow and led to an intensified trading network throughout the Indian Ocean. With this increase in cross-cultural interaction, new technology, ideas and diseases were exchanged.
One spring day in 1528, five ships washed off the coast of present day Tampa Bay, Florida. The ships were crammed with over three hundred people. Diseased, starving and exhausted. Cabeza de Vaca set sail from Seville, Spain for the Americas in June 1527, in an expedition led by Panfilo de Navarez with a large army of over three hundred soldiers crammed into five small Spanish ships. Cabeza de Vaca was second in command of the expedition, and was the official treasurer.
William Penn and Thomas Aquinas are on two ends of the government spectrum. Even to this day, years after William Penn has passed away, he can still be seen in a few parts of the United States of America’s government. Then there is Thomas Aquinas who has dissected and dug into the works of Aristotle and Augustine, to form his very own thought about how government works, as well as his way of life. Thomas Aquinas had many ties to the government in his day, but it is very apparent that he is embedded into the way the United States of America, was formed. William Penn was granted a charter of Pennsylvania, in 1681.
China and Portugal held most of the global power with the Black Death, navigation and slave trade being the critical turning points in 1200-1800. China was a major global power based on the amount of territory it held, its advanced technology, and efficient trade system. The Song dynasty, 960-1279, were the first to use a monetized economy using silver coins and paper money which was revolutionizing since they no longer had to carry around heavy gold where they went. Song dynasty trade was at the top with high demand for their exotic products that the Europeans were slowly becoming more and more dependent on, “export of manufactured goods (silks, porcelain, books) and import of raw materials (spices, minerals, horses)”. Under the rule of the Mongols, 1279-1368, China’s territory expanded through rapid conquest from the east to the banks of the black sea.
Columbus was not satisfied though. He wanted to sail, so he set off for Ireland and Iceland with the merchant marine in 1477. Columbus continued to sail and trade, traveling down West Africa and learning about Portuguese navigation. In 1484, Columbus asked King John II for aid in crossing the Atlantic, but he was denied. He refused to give up, though.
In 1445, he sent a navigator named Alvise da Cadamosto on an expedition in west Africa in 1456. He sailed up The Gambia River to the Gene River and tried to trade with the Africans, but did not succeed. In 1458, Henry The Navigator sent Diogo Gomes on an expedition that reached Cape Palmas. Henry The Navigator died the same year the expedition returned in 1460. Portugal had become a strong sea coping nation with extraordinary income from sea trading routes because of Henry The Navigator.
Christopher Columbus was an explorer and navigator born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy. When Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in 1492, he hoped to reach eastern Asia. He thought he had reached Asia when he landed on an island in the Caribbean Sea. In fact he had opened up to Europeans a new world with two continents—North America and South America—and many islands.
In 1492, Columbus sailed, but, he sailed for a different reason. He sailed to prove the world was not flat, and to find a new route to the cities of Asia, by traveling West. He actually thought that, when he landed in the Americas, he landed in India. That is why they are called Indians.
When the great explorer Captain James Cook embarked on a journey across
Reformation Propaganda The Reformation in the early 16th century started with Martin Luther questioning the authority of the Catholic Church by condemning the Pope for selling religious offices, letting religious leaders go against their vows, and selling indulgences; indulgences were contracts sold by the church to the people, to reduce people’s punishment for their sins. Luther proceeded to publicly confront and challenge the church and started his religion, Lutheranism, which only followed the Bible, not the Pope. At the time, people couldn’t read the Bible for themselves so they did not question the Catholic church’s supremacy and saw the clergy as delivering the word of God (Iordache 64). However, Martin Luther wanted people to read the
No doubt the preceding notion was unwelcome to both Catholics and Protestants. For Catholics the source of knowledge is the divine revelation rather than human endeavor. Although the "five ways" of proving the existence of God proposed by St. Thomas Aquinas are rational approaches, all five arguments are based on divine manifestation. Under Anselm 's premise that faith precedes reason, knowledge is a supernatural gift of grace and truth is all that God has revealed because he has revealed it.
The Spanish exploration and colonisation made both a positive and negative impact on Latin America. The arrival of the Spanish explorers to the new world made a big change and they are the reason Latin America looks the way it does today. However these people were ruthless and were the tyrants of the new world. One of Spain’s major foreign policy objectives since the advent of democracy has been to increase its influence in Latin America. Spain has had interest in this area due to historical ties and a common linguistic, cultural and religious heritage (Countrystudies.us, 2017).
