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Botulinum Toxin Case Study Solution

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Recommended: Modification in botulinum toxin dosages for different conditions

BOTULINUM TOXIN

The neurotoxins produced by the Clostridia species are among the most potent toxins

known. Botulinum toxin, BoNT, is a poisonous substance produced within living cells by

Clostridium Botulinum bacteria. Botulism poisoning results most frequently from the ingestion

of contaminated food. Food must be cooked for a sufficient length of time, at 248 °F, for the

heat resistant spores to die. Botulism also may result from a wound infection or enter the body v

via the pulmonary tract, inhalational botulism (Dembek 339). May notes young infants, less

then 6 months old, are more susceptible to infant botulism because their intestines are immature

and gastrointestinal tract is incapable of combatting potential spores that …show more content…

Botulinum toxin, BoNT-A injections, along with rehabilitation therapies, have become an integral part in the management of muscle spasticity resulting from a stroke, hemiparesis, cerebral palsy and other debilitating diseases (May 44). Dr. Paul Janda stated the dosage amount for each patient is determined on the size, number and location of muscles involved, severity of spasticity, the presence of local muscle weakness, and the patient 's response to previous treatment. The affected spastic muscles are injected, blocking neuromuscular transmission inhibiting further muscular contractions. improving muscle tone Neurologists use an EMG, electromyography, that monitors the electrical activity of muscles; the BoNT-A injections are given to that specific muscle, either upper and lower extremities or both. Repeat treatment may be administered, but generally, no sooner than 12 weeks after the previous injection. The degree and pattern of muscle spasticity at the time of re-injection may necessitate alterations in the dose of BoNT-A and muscles to be injected (Janda) The goals of spasticity management

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Neuromuscular Therapy is founded on the study of human physiology, client assessment and a detailed understanding of kinesiology and body mechanics. Its global popularity has everything to do with a practitioner's ability to assess a patient's pain pattern and effectively treat. A detailed soft tissue assessment using regionally oriented protocols and the use of hands on techniques that have been used and proven over the last 50 years. Neuromuscular therapy addresses ischemia or reduced blood flow to the skeletal muscle tissue due to taut bands of muscle cells. NMT focuses on hypersensitive points within the taught bands of skeletal muscle cells, which often gives rise to a referral sensation phenomena that may include pain.

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The XDR regime involves 2 years of injection followed by 3 years of tablets, yet it is almost incurable. While there were measures in place to encourage patients to take their full regime, in spite of side effects, it was not clear how successful they were. One patient, Bheki, attended a support group designed to increase patient compliance. However, when his symptoms got worse and he went to the doctor and told them that if they increased his medications that he would throw them

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A patient is admitted to Nightingale Community Hospital to the surgical unit following an infection to a post-op wound. There were several deficiencies found on the patient’s tracer audit once the patient was admitted to the hospital. One deficiency that was found was that the patient was given medication related to pain and the patient was not reassessed properly per Joint Commission Standards (JC). The deficiency found is within the pain assessment policy of the hospital.

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The patient’s doctor will inject the affected area with Botox to block the nerves and cause the same results as the nerve surgery. This procedure is normally done in-office and may need to repeated if the patient’s symptoms do not dissipate. (National Institutes of Health, "How Is Raynaud 's

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What makes the death cap mushroom poisonous is the inhibition of the enzyme RNA polymerase. It is the toxin alpha amanitin which is an amatoxin present in the mushroom and binds to RNA polymerase inhibiting so that it cannot make new mRNA. mRNA normally binds to DNA to make a copy. It then transcribes to mRNA and when the DNA copy has been made, the mRNA goes on to translation. In translation, ribosomes attach to the DNA to make a complete ribosome and tRNA line up with the complete ribosome to direct which amino acid or protein will be made.

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Upon ascertaining the causative toxin, an investigation would determine where the toxins originated and how they were introduced to the child. The child, being healthy at birth, appears to become ill due to an acute exposure to the causative agent after birth. Two possibilities that exist for the child’s intoxication and

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Both an adult and baby Dart Frog contain deadly Batrachotoxin (Gruber, 2015). The toxin Batrachotoxin, is an alkaloid with the molecular formula C_31 H_42 N_2 O_6 (BATRACHOTOXIN, n.d.). Toxic

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After assessing the end-feel of the hip extension range, the clinician applied a sudden, short duration, small amplitude and high velocity thrust intended to go past the barrier , in the range of 20-30 degree of extension. 10-15 repetitions with 2 times a week for 3 weeks will be sufficient to regain the maximum range of motions. The clinician must be able to identify the nature of restriction before deciding to choose the Grade V mobilization. As Dutton (2012) pointed out, if the reason for restriction is chronic capsular fibrosis, then it is advisable to avoid end range mobilization

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For this condition, an occupational therapist and physical therapist could help! An occupational therapist could help by helping the patient cope with the pain and what to do differently with everyday lifestyles. A physical therapist would help with the patient on improving muscle

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Medications can include injections in the affected muscle. For example, a child with a tic of arm spasms might be given an injection in their arm to try relax the muscle and reduce the amount of spasms. Children are also given ADHD medicine. It is prescribed to help increase short attention spans. It is believed that in some cases that the symptoms of Tourette’s increase with stress and anxiety.

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Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP) is a series of vaccinations that is given to infants starting at 2 months until the age of 4 to 6. Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (Tdap) is a booster shot administered to children ages 11 to 12. Pregnant women also receive a shot of Tdap during pregnancy to prevent whooping cough. Every ten years a booster shot of tetanus and diphtheria (Td) is given to adults (5). The tetanus vaccine is a toxoid vaccine that uses inactivated toxins to combat symptoms of the disease.

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There are so many toxins that can harm the human body. The one that stands out to me is the scorpion toxin. The toxin in scorpion sting kills more people around the world than any other kind of animal. The scorpion poison is in the tail part of the body. The most poisonous scorpions live in the southwestern deserts of the United States.

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This can lead to severe muscle spasms. If a person caught tetanus it could lead severe pain or even worse, death, but fortunately, there is a vaccine for tetanus/lockjaw. Tetanus is also commonly known as "lockjaw" the name is quite self-explanatory, but the name was given because muscle spasms in your jaw make it hard to open or close your mouth. Tetanus also causes seizures and makes it hard for you to breathe, or swallow. how does it spread??

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AFLATOXINS: Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus species of fungi. The name, aflatoxin, was created around 1960 after the discovery that the source of "Turkey 'X' disease" was Aspergillus flavus toxins. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances. After entering the body aflatoxins may be metabolized by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate or hydrolated to become the less harmful aflatoxin M1. Although the highest concentrations are found in food crops grown and stored in the warmer areas of the world, the international trading of these important commodities ensures that aflatoxins are not only a problem for the producing nations but are also of concern for importing countries.

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Splints, prostheses and hot and cold packs can also be beneficial to the person with spasticity. Pharmacological interventions: Oral prescriptions such as baclofen, benzodiazepines, dantrolene and tizanidine are the most commonly used medications to assist in controlling the symptoms of spasticity. Botulinum is also common and is injected straight into the affected muscle group to reduce unwanted spasms or paralyze the muscle completely. The use of prescription medication is effective; however, these drugs often have unwanted side-effects, including, drowsiness and

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