Study design :
The study design was a human prospective case-control longitudinal Study. 24 patients twelve in each group with 41 implants sites, 19 in cannabis sativa group (CSG) and 22 implant site in the control group (CG) were enrolled in this study. Only Implant sites with sufficient residual bone quantity to house implant without bone grafting were selected. Approval for the study was obtained from the relevant ethics committee of the Union of Tangiers Dental Surgeons. All study participants signed up an informed consent prior to taking part in this study and to assure a follow-up for at least 24month.
Patient selection Cannabis sativa study group and Group control:
Patients were selected for both groups with partially or totally edentulous and implant sites were selected with bone quantity to house implant without bone grafting
Inclusion criteria: The patients were selected and the study included both older exclusive regular cannabis sativa smokers and in the other side patients with non-smoking habits.
For the cannabis smoking group twelve patients, males aged 38–60 years (mean age±sd 42,8±6,7 years), were included. The subjects were selected from the group of patients referred for implant treatment to the implantology Center of Tangiers in private practice. The patients in cannabis sativa group were
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Incisional biopsy with a conventional scalpel for histologic examination, have been made for all patients with cannabis sativa smoking habit, providing a specimen adequate for obtaining more detailed histopathologic and data from the epithelium or the underlying corium. Resected tissues from all cases were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, the biopsy specimens were embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Sections (5 µm thick) were cut and stained by using a conventional hematoxylin-eosin method for usual light