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Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay

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The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States located between Maryland and Virginia lying inland from the Atlantic Ocean. It has more than 150 major rivers and streams covering parts of six states New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland Virginia and West Virginia. Nearly 17 million people live in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and affect the waters pollution. The Bay is very important to the economy of Maryland and Virginia providing economic resources, including crabs, oysters and rockfish, as well as recreational activities in and around the water. Due to the increase in the amount of pollution in the water, the wildlife and the recreational activities in the bay have slowly went down. To try to fix and understand why this …show more content…

Environmental Protection Agency to conduct a five-year study of the Bay resources and water quality. Their study focused on three major problems of the Bay nutrient over enrichment, toxic substances and the decline of submerged aquatic vegetation. In 1983 the three surrounding states. “The District of Columbia, and the federal government signed a pact, the Chesapeake Bay Agreement of 1983, committing them to improve and protect [the] water quality of the Chesapeake Bay through coordinated activities” (Bockstael). Which they planned to improve and protect the water quality and living resources of the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system to restore and maintain the Bay’s ecological integrity, productivity, and beneficial uses and to protect public health. A group of professors, N. E. Bockstael, K.E. McConnell and I. E. Strand, from the University of Maryland Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics wrote an empirical article about “Measuring the Benefits of improvements in Water Quality: The Chesapeake Bay”. Addressing the question of the human values from the Bay. How do people use the Bay and how much are they willing to pay for the changes in water quality that improve their use? In this paper we will review the data and methods used, what the major findings in their research, and what the strengths and weaknesses of the analysis was

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The new English Chesapeake colonies consisted of Virginia and Maryland and went through quite a lot to colonize. Virginia, the first successful English colony, belonged to the London Company, soon to be called the Virginia Company of London. They originally sent 144 men to explore the land for precious gems, but only 105 made it. These men consisted of gentlemen adventurers, jewelers, and artisans. They brought along no women or farmers as they were not looking to colonize, but to gather gems and explore the land in Jamestown.

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The colonists that came to North America were ill-prepared in a number of ways, and they had to adapt their original expectations after they arrived. The combination of issues with labor, commerce, government, and Native Americans created a uniquely American identity. One main problem was the amount of energy needed to develop the new colonies. The development projects, such as deforestation, planting the fields, and harvesting them, required a vast amount of workers, and there simply weren’t enough workers to do the job. Different areas dealt with the shortage differently.

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The oysters are an integral element in any saltwater ecosystem, including the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. The oysters are a significant component of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem due to their ability to filter particles from water, which results in a cleaner water quality (Jacobson, 2013). The bay is currently experiencing a long-lasting drought, and the Department of Natural Resources is concerned that such crisis will leave a repercussion for the Chesapeake Bay water quality. The salinity level of the bay has been greatly affected by drought, which is influencing the oyster population of the bay. Historically, the salinity level of the bay has been 10 to 13 parts per thousand (ppt).

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Early Colonies the Models The colonization of America began with a series of attempts by the English to establish a colony in the New World which would serve to compete with the successful Spanish colonies in the south. In 1584, Queen Elizabeth the first charged Walter Raleigh with finding a suitable place that would fulfill these conditions. In turn, Walter Raleigh sent a voyage consisting of Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe across the Atlantic in 1584. The voyage resulted in the claiming of North Carolina in July later that year.

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In 1607, the first permanent British colony was established in Jamestown in Chesapeake Bay region by the Virginia Company, a joint stock company that received a charter from King James I and sold shares to raise funds. The colonist, led by Captain John Smith, settled at the mouth of the James River. Early years were difficult, the colonists faced conflicts with natives, starvation, and difficulties finding stable sources of food and support. Experiments with tobacco proved successful and the exportable commodity became Virginia’s main source of revenue, providing many of its landowning gentry a comfortable lifestyle throughout the next century and beyond. Half of the settlers in the southern colonies came to America as indentured servants-labors

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The eastern coastline of North America was colonized by settlers of English descent, but developed into two distinctly different societies by the 1700’s. New England and the Chesapeake region had differences in their economy, politics, religion, and society. The English Puritans established New England to escape persecution, while Chesapeake was established by men on the hunt for gold and glory. The settlers came from the same place, but were in search of completely different things. The development New England was different than the development of the Chesapeake region because of the differenced in their economy and politics, their reasons for foundation, and differences in religions and societies.

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The Chesapeake and New England regions were the first places the English settled when they came across from Europe. American Indian societies had their own way of living before they arrived, but the English brought new ideas with them that transformed and bettered these regions. Although, there were geographical and environmental aspects to the Chesapeake and New England regions that slowed their development during the 17th and 18th centuries, like cold, snowy winters and bugs that ate away at their crops. these regions soon prospered because of the seclusion of their farms from villages, well-watered grounds, and wide range of crops and animals.

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The New England and Chesapeake colonies were established during the early 1700s. Despite the population originating from England, the regions had distinct societies. This was due to the fact that many settlers voyaged to the New World in search of riches, to seek new lives, or for religious freedom. They differed socially, politically, economically, and geographically.

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Despite the common origin of all English colonists, each family and individual had a unique reason to migrate to the colonies across the sea. One reason was the religious turmoil that had enveloped England since King Henry VIII changed the national religion to cater to his divorce. Some members of the Puritan church, called separatists, wanted to leave England and start a purer church elsewhere with less focus on material goods. A different, opposing reason to settle was to search for minerals or to farm a cash crop to get rich due to the Mercantilist system that was beginning in some European countries, including England. These contradictory reasons, including societal structure, motivation, and attitude to colonize contributed to the extremely

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Early American colonies were the base of what it is now known the United States of America. Although almost all of the colonies were from the same time period each colony differed from each other. Some of the colonies differed by their economic system and also by their way of running their colony, their government. Also, the colonies differed from their culture and their way they lived. In addition, the New England and the Chesapeake colonies were not the exception they also differed from each other.

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The New World was home to Native Americans before it was ever home to Europeans. Europeans, mostly the English were who began to shape it to their needs and personal identities. New England, for example was considered to be tight knit and as a result of having families developed schools, and churches to fit their lifestyle. New England and Chesapeake were distinct societies during the colonization era of North America with different settlement patterns, motivations, and economies. Patterns of settlement for New England and Chesapeake differed greatly.

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In the early 1600’s British settlers colonized the east coast of North America forming a total of 13 colonies. These arising colonies began to grow and evolve into different societies despite being from the same region beforehand. One of the reasons that led to distinct separation among regions was social disjunctions. Others significant reasons include various economic incentives and political stance as well as religious motives. With varying social, economic, and religious disjunctions, the New England and Chesapeake regions both evolved into two distinct societies by the start of the 18’th century.

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Starting in the early 1600’s settlers from England came to “The New World.” England and Spain were competing to claim this new undiscovered land. The English were the first to claim the land by sending the first group of settlers, the Chesapeake settlers. They settled in present day Virginia and Maryland. The Chesapeake settlers came for commercial and profit.

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