Cell Formation During Mitosis

Cell proliferation transpires via cell division at the origin of growth and tissue repair, where growth factors increase cell volume by dividing during mitosis. Increased cell mass is generated by division, promoting tissue growth and repair. There is a direct relationship between cell mass and the size of an organism. Cell quantity and size determine size of an organism, organs and organelles. Mitosis increases cell volume while apoptosis decreases the number of cells. During repair and growth, genetically identical cells divide resulting in two daughter cells, leading to replacement of dead cells or increased cell mass respectively. Cell division is responsible for an organism developing from a zygote to an embryo, to a baby, eventually

It is essential for cells to be small, as compact structure is crucial to the function, acquiring nutrients in and expelling waste out by diffusion utilizing free energy. Before a cell undergoes division, cells are in interphase, where they spend the majority of their time as they must progress through multiple checkpoints including G1 and G2. The G1 checkpoint assesses the size of the cell, and demand for division, as well as DNA formation. Retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53 and p21 are tumor suppressors that function to stop the cell cycle during the G1 checkpoint. P53 identifies damaged DNA, if the DNA cannot be salvaged p53 triggers the cell to go into G0, or causes cell death, by blasting apart the cell membrane, referred to as cell apoptosis. During this process p53 levels surge generating p21, which binds to the Cdk/cyclin complexes, decreasing probability of cell cycle continuation into S phase. The G2 checkpoint confirms chromosomal and DNA perfection, before the cell begins division. Cells are propelled through the cell cycle by positive cell regulators: cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) proteins that can combine to form complexes. A third checkpoint occurs during mitosis at the end of metaphase, referred to as the M checkpoint, where the cell cycle is abandoned upon improper attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes. The three checkpoints ensure mitosis

Studies are being conducted to determine the possibility that the ketogenic diet as a cancer treatment that targets only cancer cells. Lack of glucose essentially keeps cancer cells from dividing as they have no way to gain energy required for the cell cycle. Cells divide to remain small which allows them to function, without being able to divide they will grow until they are forced to commit apoptosis, furthermore, proliferation will decrease when cancer cells lack required energy for division resulting in decreased tumor size. Current cancer treatments, chemotherapy and radiation, are unable to discriminate between healthy and cancerous cells, treatment process is not always affective and can lead to further cancer. Conventional cancer treatment is a multibillion dollar industry. The united states in notorious for putting industry before the population, and because the ketogenic diet would be relatively inexpensive treatment for cancer, unfortunately it may take a long time to fully accept the ketogenic diet as a cure. However, with further research and marketing of the ketogenic diet, there is a possibility that the population may attempt the ketogenic diet before conventional cancer treatments, especially when considering the cost and the future of our healthcare