Christine Knauer Equal Rights Amendment
The case that sparked my interest on equal protection was Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan. This case allowed Joe Hogan, a registered nurse enrollment in two state supported coeducational nursing programs, but denied him enrollment in the Mississippi University for Women’s School of Nursing’s baccalaureate program, on the grounds that he was a male. The significance of the case is that parties seeking to uphold a statute that classifies individual’s gender must carry the burden of showing an "exceedingly persuasive justification" for the classification. Also, single-sex admissions policy of MUW 's School of Nursing cannot be justified on the ground that it compensates for discrimination against women.
In 1923, the ERA written by Alice, was introduced into Congress. The Amendment declared “equal rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any State on account of sex” (“Woman Suffrage”, 2014, para 1). The Amendment was introduced into every Congress through 1972, where it finally passed but failed ratification in 1982. Only 35 states ratified the Amendment by the 1982 deadline. After the failure, the Amendment was again presented to Congress every year, but still fails to get passed.
In her speech, “For the Equal Rights Amendment” Shirley Chisholm addresses her views on securing women’s equality to ensure women have better opportunities. She is an American politician, educator and author that became the first black woman elected to the United States Congress. Chisholm supports her claims about equal rights for women by using examples of statistics to prove a point. Her purpose is to persuade her audience that women in America are neglected by equal rights and excluded from things that men are not. Throughout her deliverance she expressed an inspiring and informative tone to uplift her audience so that Congress can make a change for women.
The first African-American congresswoman, Shirley Chisholm, in her speech For The Equal Rights Amendment, emphasizes her point on why women should have equal rights in the workforce. Chisholm’s purpose is to convey the message that discrimination against women is unlawful and unjust. Chisholm adopts a passionate tone in her speech to the American Public. Shirley Chisholm starts her speech by calling out House Joint Resolution 264 which she says, “It provides legal basis for attack on the most subtle, most pervasive, and most institutionalized form of prejudice that exists”.
It is for the Woman’s Party to decide whether there is any way in which it can serve in the struggle which lies ahead to remove the remaining forms of woman’s subordination” (Alice Paul, The Suffragist, 1921) Thereafter began a new battle, the Equal Rights
Primary Source Analysis This paper will contain an analysis on two documents that I have chosen on Women’s Rights. The two documents are: Abigail and John Adams Converse on Women’s Rights, 1776 and the National Organization for Women (N.O.W.) Statement of Purpose, 1966. Both were created hundreds of years apart, but they will give an understanding of how long of a fight it was for women to obtain a sense of equality.
The 1970s were a rough year for African-Americans, still fighting for social and political rights in the United States. Consequently, women still did not receive equal rights. However, in 1972, “Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution, which reads: ‘Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex’ (History.com Staff).” Out of the thirty-eight necessary states only twenty-two ratified it right away, it was relieving for the moment because the feminist advocates had been trying to be ratified since 1923. The First African-American woman elected into Congress was Shirley Chisholm.
Finally, she had put all her thoughts on the paper: “in 1923 she drafted the text of the Equal Rights Amendment and worked for women’s equality in national and international forums for the rest of her career.” (womenshistory.org) The equal rights amendment was eventually passed. Unfortunately, by 1977, Alice Paul had died. She could not see the equal rights amendment pass, but even when she had passed away, her legacy had still lived on.
as they did not gain or keep the access to the professionals nor did they come close to earning equal pay for the same type of work if they continued to hold their jobs after the men returned. Because of the frustrations held by these women, it the led to the start of feminist movements. The late 1950s and 60s became years of change for women with people becoming more vocal about equal rights for women. This led to President Kennedy, in 1961, establishing the Commission on the Status of Women which examined issues relating to women because of the growing interest in women’s rights (Sink).
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), once known as the Lucretia Mott Amendment, was supposed to guarantee equal rights between men and women (The Learning Network). The ERA covered many issues that women faced during its time. Abortion rights were included so that women could choose whether or not they would have a child. The ERA included women in the military drafts as one of their topics to make sure that men and women both had the same obligations. When the Constitution was first being formed, it was stated that “All men are created equal”, but they forgot one vital piece of America —women (“Equal Rights Amendment”).
Cons of the Equal Rights Amendment The challenges of a woman’s place in the public eye has and still is a critical issue at the start of the 21st century. The women’s rights movement in the late 19th century was the beginning of driving society to recognize women and give them a financial, political, and social part in the public arena. Women have made great strides toward fairness; which has changed the points of view of some, notwithstanding, it has not been completely accomplished.
Kylie Cunningham November 16, 2017 HIST-324 Paper 2 Introduction Women’s Rights Movement Second-wave feminism of the sixties and seventies made huge leaps for women’s rights and gender equality. Women once again were fighting for gender equality, but this time, the movement encompassed a much broader array of issues women face. A major goal of the movement was protection from employment discrimination. As mentioned by Nancy MacLean in her article, Gender is Powerful: The Long Reach of Feminism, “some of feminism 's greatest policy victories in the1960s and 1970s came as a result of using tools won by other movements,” (pg. 20). She expands on this by citing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, specifically, Title VII.
In the early 1920’s, women were denied rights against voting, work, and equal pay. In the 1800’s, slavery was very prevalent in America. After many years of protest and opposition, women and blacks alike were granted equal rights. Throughout history, humans have fought and won equal rights
Armbruster, Jane. " Feminism and the Social Control of Gender. " Social Justice/Global Options (1990): 146-52. Print.
We all know that women didn 't have as many rights as men, and they still don 't. Women can now do more than they used to, but they still aren 't equal with men. They have had to fight for so many things like the right to vote and to be equal to men. The 19th amendment, the one that gave women the right to vote, brought us a big step closer. The Equal Rights Movement also gave us the chance to have as many rights as men. Women have always stayed home, cleaned the house, and didn 't even get an education.
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