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Comparing Mill And Utilitarianism

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Theories that derived from these past two theories are the theory that develop over actions done by people and what they base their actions upon. A theory that can relate to this idea is “Utilitarianism” made by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill states that action are morally right and wrong depending on their effects that occur later. The only thing that really changes is the result of the that are produced from the choice. Utilitarianism is all based on cause and effect what we decide there will be an effect later on that will either right or wrong based on our decision. There was one philosopher who made clear that moral philosophy and every decision we made was for our happiness and was always no wrong choice. The theory that intentions …show more content…

These two philosophers both brought their own theories to trial and see what they thought was Moral Philosophy. The first philosopher is Kant and his theory of “Autonomy”, the capacity to deliberate and to give oneself the moral law rather than merely heeding the injunctions of others. This is the thought of on thinking among himself rather than taking a decision from other and then making a decision. Kant’s theory encourage many philosophers to express their opinion on Morality and what they thought of it. One philosopher even challenged Kant's theory and made his own based on humans and that they are the ones who control what they want and no one can make decision for them. This philosopher was Hobbes and his theory of “Ethical Theory” which is that humans are the ones who control what they want their faith to be and only they can decide from right and wrong and what implies them. He thought every decision was made was based on what people wanted their faith to be and only they can decide what's wrong and right. These two Philosophers brought genuine ideas to Moral Philosophy because they led to many advancement in morality to people and get a better of understanding of morality.

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Developing from the reasoning of (Russ Shafer-Landau, p.p 13), it is clear that there is a difference between normative ethics and metaethics. Normative ethics are those values that develop from within a personality and are always employed whenever ethics are breached. On the other hand the metaethics is basically the diverse elements that are considered crucial for building positive ethical believes. (Shafer-Landau, p.p 29), also brings forward other moral ethical elements such as the moral error theory, the desire-satisfaction theory, ethical particularism and the doctrine of double effects. All the above elements are crucial for shaping ones ethical perspectives and inclinations leave alone resolving ethical issues within a society.

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The Renaissance was a period of ideological rebirth lasting from the 14th century to the 17th century. Beginning in Florence, Italy, it spread arts, inventions, and creativity all throughout Europe as it began slowly emerging from the Dark Ages. Of course, there had to be a driving force for this movement, and that was an ideological system known as Humanism. Humanism was the belief that a person had full control over who they were, and rejected external control over one’s life. During the Dark Ages, the Roman Catholic Church dictated every aspect of a person’s life, from who they were to what they did.

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While it may seem difficult or tedious to donate one’s time or money to a charity, shelter, or soup kitchen, Mill agrees that the discomfort of a few noble individuals is still to the benefit of society as a whole because what truly matters is adding to the total amount of happiness. On this , Mill writes, “Utilitarianism, therefore, could attain its end by the general cultivation of nobleness of character, even if each individual were only benefited by the nobleness of others, and his own, so far as happiness is concerned, were a sheer deduction from the benefit,” (page 11).  Mill believes that those that renounce their own happiness for the increase in happiness of society as a whole are honorable, this is shown in this quote, “That the happiness which forms the Utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct is not the agent’s own happiness but that of all concerned” (page 17). The key ideal in Utilitarian morality is similar to the humanity principle in which one should treat others the way they would want to be treated. Other Utilitarian philosophers hold a

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The two moral reasonings are consequentialist and categorical. Consequentialist means the consequences that will result after whatever you do whether it is the right or wrong thing to do. Categorical means that both the action and consequence matter to you, so you think more about what you 'll do becuase you know what the consequence will be. ⦁ What is the “principle of utility” according to Mill? Explain what Mill means by “utilitarianism.”

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The divine command theory, utilitarianism, Kant’s duty defined morality, natural law theory, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics are the five types of ethical theories. The divine command theory states that what is morally right and wrong will be decided by God. Utilitarianism states that “Action “A” is morally right if and only if it produces the greatest amount of overall happiness. Kant’s duty defined morality states that what is important is acting for the sake of producing good consequences, no matter what the act is. Natural law theory states that people should focus on the good and avoid any evil.

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In Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill defines his philosophy of utilitarianism as providing the greatest good or maximum pleasure, in the absence of pain, for the most people. The dilemma in this philosophy arises from the definition and pursuit of the greatest good. Hobbes said before in the Leviathan that there is no greatest good or Summum Bonum. In Plato’s Republic, Polemarchus’s definition of justice of doing good to friends and causing harm to enemies is rejected by Socrates because one cannot recognize good or evil, without having knowledge of the good. This is not true for Mill’s philosophy of utilitarianism.

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When studying philosophy, a student becomes very aware of the contradiction and different opinions of highly remarked philosophers. Many students become frustrated with the opposition and question the importance of the study all together. Others choose to indulge in these differences to further their understanding beyond what he/ she thought capable of beforehand. The obvious contradictions between Kant’s deontology, and Bentham’s and Mill’s utilitarianism is a perfect example of such occasion in philosophy.

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John Stuart Mill’s argument on the government’s role is an anti-perfectionist and utilitarian approach. Utilitarianism is basing an action on what would maximize the most happiness among people. This theory is composed of two components the account of utility which is what is intrinsically good and the Principle of Utility that determines what actions are right based on their outcome. Mill’s take on utilitarianism is that there are different levels of pleasures, where intellectual enjoyment is a higher ranking on pleasure. Moreover, Mill claims that to achieve the greatest happiness of a group of people is for the government to be an impartial judge.

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Ultimately, Kant thought our ability to reason dictated morality. Johnson also talked about rights. He discusses our legal rights and natural rights.

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Moral theories are theories that help us distinguish between a right or a wrong action. Adequate moral theories help us understand that what we should or shouldn’t do in certain situations. Two of the most famous moral theories are Utilitarianism and Kantianism. According to Utilitarianism, an action is right if only if it out of all the other action gives out the maximum utility. In oppose to that, Kantianism says that an action is right if and only if, in performing that action, the person does not treat anyone as a mean and treats everyone as an end in itself.

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John Stuart Mill, at the very beginning of chapter 2 entitled “what is utilitarianism”. starts off by explaining to the readers what utility is, Utility is defined as pleasure itself, and the absence of pain. This leads us to another name for utility which is the greatest happiness principle. Mill claims that “actions are right in proportions as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.” “By Happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain, by happiness, pain and the privation of pleasure”.

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Elif Çağatay Zeynep Talay ETHR105 07.08.2017 KANT AND ARISTOTLE IN MORAL DECISION Have you ever ethically considered your decisions? Human being tends to act in terms of their profits, their happiness, their responsibilities and so forth. The majority of people do not criticize whether their actions, decisions, and choices are morally true or not. Throughout the history, many philosophers have tried to explain our decisions morally. One of these philosophers is Kant, another one is Aristotle.

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As per the reading suggested by the instructor about the philosophical idea of Consequentialism (Utilitarianism) given by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill and the other concept which is given by Immanuel Kant in the critics of Utilitarianism theory which is called Deontological Ethics. The reading given made understand about all these two concept and their possible application in the policy or law making like the universal law. Utilitarianism:- this is the concept used by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and the John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). The core idea of this theory is the results comes from the action taken by the group of people or the individual. According to theory the outcomes will be judged weather the action was morally right or wrong.

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One of the most regarded ethical theories in contemporary period is deontological ethics. From historical point of view, contemporary or recent refers to the early or middle part of the twentieth century, and even the late nineteenth century. There are some features of these contemporary ethical theories that appear to express relatively modern points of view. One of which is the emphasis on plurality or multiplicity and relativity; another feature is the denial of absolutes and universality. Theories in this era focus on the importance of lower-level rules, judgements or decisions that are said to test, enhance or even replace principles.

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These theories challenge what an individual think is right and wrong. Some of ethical theories are given in detail below. • Utilitarianism: Utilitarian ethical theories are based on person’s ability to foretell the reaction of a particular action. It is part of a normative ethics that is the study of ethical actions or ethics

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