The author uses flashbacks and events to create tension and surprise in the novel. In chapter 16 Clare writes a flashback in order to create a tension. During the flashback it is revealed that Mortmain, her capturer, created Tessa who is “half-demon, half-Shadowhunter” (Clare 346). The flashback is used to answer two of the biggest questions in the Clockwork series- who is Mortmain and what is Tessa? This creates a surprise twist in the novel that the reader is not expecting. After that, Mortmain admits that he needs Tessa to shapeshift, or Change, into his father so he can get closure over his death. She agrees and she “felt her hand jerk,and then suddenly the Change was on her… like a harsh wind pushing her down and under” (354). This creates