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Anatomy And Physiology

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Recommended: Chapter 23 circulatory system

The aim and objectives of this assignment is to express the differences between Anatomy and Physiology, the components of the Circulatory System and the blood. To give detailed description and diagram of the heart also to explain the flow of blood and The Cardiac Cycle. This Assignment includes a detailed study of a disease or condition involving the Cardiovascular System. To carry out a primary piece of research regarding the chosen condition or disease using a case study or a survey on the particular chosen disease or condition regarding the Cardiovascular system.

Anatomy:
Anatomy is the identification and description of the structures of living things. Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine which can be divided into three broad areas: …show more content…

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry it toward the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with very thin walls made up of only one layer of cells. Arterioles are very small arteries which branch to form capillaries. Capillaries join to form tiny veins called venules. Materials are exchanged between the blood and cells through the thin walls of the capillaries. The inner layer of blood vessels is lined with endothelial cells that create a smooth passage for the transit of blood. This inner layer is surrounded by connective tissue and smooth muscle that enable the blood vessel to expand or contract. Arteries are thicker the veins to hold the pressure of the blood being pumped from the heart. Blood in the veins is low pressure. Veins have one-way valves to prevent backflow of blood to the heart. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessel in the body. The arteries, veins and capillaries are divided into two circulatory systems: systemic and …show more content…

When its full the pressure causes the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to open and blood flows into the ventricles. Contraction of each atrium now forces any remaining blood into the ventricles. The ventricles now contract (systole) and the atria relax (diastole). The pressure closes the bicuspid and tricuspid valves causing the first sound of the heartbeat. The contraction of the ventricles opens the semilunar valves, forcing blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta. The ventricles now relax (diastole) and any backflow of blood causes the semilunar valves to close causing the second sound of the heartbeat. Cardiac muscle never tires. The heart has its own blood supply from the coronary arteries which come from the aorta and the coronary veins which empty into the vena cava. A blockage in the coronary artery causes a heart attack. The heartbeat is controlled by the pacemaker, situated in the walls of the right atrium. It starts a wave of muscular contraction through the heart from atria to

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The cardiac cycle is the coordination of the filling and exhausting of blood by electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to contract and unwind. The contraction of the heart is directed by a nerve drive that goes from the SA node to AV node to AV group to Purkinje fibers to the myocardium. Amid the cardiac cycle, the heart contracts by means of systole, pushing blood out of the heart, and unwinds through diastole, filling the heart with blood. Cardiomyocytes, or cardiac cells, are striated and are in charge of the pumping of the heart; they are the main muscle cells with intercalated plates. The heart's inner pacemaker controls and times the thumping of the heart by means of electrical signals.

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Harvey William Harvey’s seminal work “On the Motion on the Heart and Blood in Animals” initiated modern medicine. Harvey’s arguments were detailed readily verifiable and though they did endure a fair bit of criticism when released, in most areas, they were accepted within his lifetime. Once his simple notion of the circulation of blood was carefully described others were able to see and understand its validity themselves. I will argue that William Harvey’s theory which used inductive reasoning to show, with experiments, how blood flowed from veins to arteries through the heart and deduced the existence of capillaries to return blood from arteries to veins. One of the main understandings of the day, proposed by Galen of Pergamon nearly 1500 years earlier, was that blood was a resource that was produced in the liver and consumed in the tissues and the brain.

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Deoxygenated blood is fed into the right atrium, pulled down into the right ventricle and then pumped to the heart along the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Once passed through the lungs, the now newly oxygenated blood is fed into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein and drawn down into the left ventricle. In order for the maximum volume of newly oxygenated blood to be then pumped out of the heart, via the aorta, to the rest of the body, the valve must open wide enough to allow the blood to make it into the ventricle, and close firmly enough to ensure that there is no backflow. If this does not happen, the maximum volume of oxygenated blood does not reach the rest of the body, and the system becomes inefficient as the cardiovascular system has to then work harder and faster to get the same volume of oxygenated blood to the surrounding body. This takes more energy, which could otherwise be better used.

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Heart murmurs are created by an abnormal turbulent flow of blood. The sound is provided by your heart is from the flow of blood through your atria chambers to your ventricles. This can be caused by fever, anemia, high blood pressure, or overproduction of the thyroid hormone. Another possibility could be the function of the valve. Mitral valve prolapse or mitral valve stenosis are reasons for the functioning of a bad valve.

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The cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs and give blood its red color. The white blood cells fight infections. The platelets help form clots to stop bleeding in case of a cut.

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The cardiovascular system is broken down into two circulatory pathways: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body or organs, and then returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. Whereas the pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the body or organs to the right side of the heart to the lungs and return oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart (Marieb, Nicpon, and Hoehn, 2013). The cardiac cycle consists of an ejection and a filling stage: systole and diastole, respectively. During the diastolic phase the heart ventricles are relaxed as the heart fills with blood, and blood pressure is the lowest; during the systolic phase the heat ventricles contract and pump blood out of the arteries, and blood pressure is increasing.

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And it was pretty easy to identify the veins from the arteries because they had taking latex die and colored them different colors one was blue and one was red so we could tell the difference between

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Blood is considered a connective tissue due to the fact that it essentially binds bodily systems together by way of nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and the disposal of waste. Furthermore, its make up is similar to that of traditional connective tissues, being a derivative of embryologically. 1. Red Blood Cell’s ability to carry oxygen stems from them being filled with hemoglobin, which is highly attracted to the chemical. The main component in this equation is the ‘heme’ portion of hemoglobin, which holds iron in the center of the four-polypeptide chains in the protein.

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The left ventricle is the primary pumping chamber, and heart failure normally begins on the left side. At the point when the left ventricle can't contract enough, it is called systolic heart failure. At the point when the left ventricle can't load with enough blood, it is called diastolic heart failure. You can have a blend of both sorts of heart

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This type of shock occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. This is evident to patients who have had myocardial infarction, such as John’s case. In this illness, the heart has decreased contractility resulting to decreased cardiac output. Such decrease will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to activate the compensatory mechanism by increasing the heart rate as evident in John’s vital sign to increase the peripheral pressure and ventricular

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In other words, the increase in stroke volume occurs as a result of improved ventricular force of contraction. Heterometric and homeometric control governs myocardial force of contraction. While homeometric control is independent of the myocardial fibres length at the end of diastole, heterometric control depends on this length of myocardial fibres at the diastole end and is mainly influenced by the venous return (Agarwal et al. CC06). The respiratory pump, as well as venoconstriction skeletal muscle pump, influences the rise in venous return during physical activity.

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Tissues are complex units made up of a group of numerous similar cells that together carry out a specific function. The study of tissue is known as histology, whereas, in connection with disease it is known as histopathology. Organs An organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to perform a common function. An organ consists of different types of tissues.

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In this process when an injury occurs to a blood vessel, causing bleeding the platelets start to stick to the injured blood vessel and release chemicals to attract other platelets. 4. Then as more platelets start sticking together they soon form a temporary clot V. The blood vessels guide blood and help the blood travels through our body.

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Usually when somebody has a heart attack, people sometimes wait a while before seeking the much needed medical attention. It is extremely important that the patients gets medical treatment as soon as possible after the occurrence of the myocardial infarction as this increases the chances of their survival. CAUSES Myocardial infarction is usually caused by a blockade in the blood supply of the heart muscles. This can occur when there is the hardening of the arterial walls, or if there is an thrombus or embolism in the blood vessels and this reduces the amount of blood that can go through. If there is a complete block, then this can cause the area where the blood vessel supplies the blood to undergo necrosis which is also known as heart attack.

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The human body is an amazing thing made up of many different parts. These parts are cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. For starters, one type of cell makes up one type of tissue. Next, two or more types of tissues make an organ. Then, a few organs working together make an organ system.

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