Residential Segregation: A Literature Review

Recent years have seen heightened interest in studying the spatial dimensions of segregation in different fabrics [3-6]. In an easy way, Segregation is separation or isolation. It is a spatial related term that cannot be fully understood in isolation from the built form of environment [7]. Segregation is usually defined as a reflection of social causes in physical presentationsdivisions, or it can be said the formation and maintenance of a ghetto [8]. Many studies have discussed ghettos as involuntary spatial forms of concentrated subordination,subordination; however, it also reveals a need for integrity in communities. Julienne Hanson (2000) mentioned about spatial structure of built environments and degree of socio-economic interactions

Different studies have worked emphasized on the case to develop index and parameters to define segregation boundary. Reardon and O’Sullivan (2004) developed segregation index to measure and compare the geographic scale of racial residential segregation in large metropolitan areas in the U.S.[4, 12]. In fact, the literature review lead us three major types of segregation: (1) “segregation as port of entry for immigrants; (2) segregation as a centralized or collective reaction, related to neighborhood hostility, discrimination in the housing market and the role of the state in exclusionary urban development; and (3) segregation as decentralized discrimination in terms of market preferences” [13,

Some authors presented solutions for integration based on particular urban and demographic characteristics, which resulted from persistent activism on the part of communities and individuals. Ellin (2011) has identified five factors qualities in her Integrated Urbanism book to propose stable integration: Hybridity, Connectivity, Porosity, Authenticity, Vulnerability [19, 20]. Hybridity and connectivity encourage activities and people to come together, treating people and nature as symbiotic — as well as building and landscape — rather than oppositional. Porosity encourages mutual access of nature and people through permeable membranes rather than the modernist attempt to dismantle boundaries or create postmodern