The authors addressed the birth disparity outcomes between the African American and White population. They stated that racial discrimination interconnects with income disparities, poverty, cultural isolation, stress, etc., As a result of these factors the African Americans still have the highest rate of infant mortality in the nation, and the African American babies die before the first birthday twice the rate comparing to White babies.
Greg, R., Alexander, Michael, D. Kogan, & Nabukera, S. (2000). Racial Differences in Prenatal Care Use in the United States: Are Disparities Decreasing? American Journal of Public Health December 2002: Vol. 92, No. 12, pp. 1970-1975. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.92.12.1970.
Retrieved from: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.92.12.1970
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Study was focus on vulnerable mothers (young, less educated, and/or unmarried), and the results show that early and adequate use of care improved for both racial groups, and racial disparities in prenatal care use have been markedly reduced, except for some young mothers.
Gortmaker, S. (1979). The effects of prenatal care upon the health of the newborn. American Journal of Public Health July 1979: Vol. 69, No. 7, pp. 653-660. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.69.7.653. Retrieved from: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/