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Unit 2 Assignment: Ethical Theories Comparison Outline

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HU245 Unit 2 Assignment: Ethical Theories Comparison Outline I. Utilitarianism A. How is “good” Determined (what does it say right/wrong) - Do what will generate the greatest good for everyone involved, self-included. B. Most Noted Philosopher(s) 1. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) 2. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) C. Major Strengths 1. Attempts to take into consideration all persons concerned by any moral action. 2. Appropriate for people in helping professions, in that it is concerned with the best/good consequences for everyone. D. Major Weaknesses 1. No moral rules or guides to go by. 2. How to determine social worth? 3. Great for all concerned in other …show more content…

There are absolute moral rules that can be established irrefutably by reason. 2. One should moral rules out of a sense of duty in order to be moral. 3. All persons are unique individuals who are never to be used for anyone else’s purposes or ends. D. Major Weaknesses 1. Rules are inconsistent. 2. Which rules are morally valid to follow? 3. How to resolve conflicts between equally absolute rules, such as “Do not break a promise” and “Do not kill.” 4. There are no exceptions to rules? 5. No rule for what we should do when our inclinations and duties are the same V. Prima Facie Duties A. How is “good” Determined (what does it say right/wrong) - we have certain prima facie duties (at first glance) we must always follow unless serious conditions or explanations tell us to do otherwise. Duties include fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, and non-maleficence (non-injury). B. Most Noted Philosopher(s) 1. Sir William David Ross (1877-1940) C. Major Strengths 1. Utilizes reason and logic 2. Once prima facie duties are established they are obeyed unless there are serious reasons why they should

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Phael Lander PSY 112-A Assignment 1 The word morality is is defined as ;The quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct(TheFreeDictionary.com, 2015). To be moral is to be: capable of conforming to the rules of right conduct(Dictionary.com, 2015). From birth we are taught that we should not do this, and we should not do that. But, how did our parents learn that that is right or wrong?

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Capital punishment has long been a heavily debated issue. In his article, “The Rescue Defence of Capital Punishment,” author Steve Aspenson make a moral argument in favor of capital punishment on the grounds that that is the only way to bring about justice and “rescue” murder victims. Aspenson argues as follows: 1. We have a general, prima facie duty to rescue victims from increasing harm. 2.

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Developing from the reasoning of (Russ Shafer-Landau, p.p 13), it is clear that there is a difference between normative ethics and metaethics. Normative ethics are those values that develop from within a personality and are always employed whenever ethics are breached. On the other hand the metaethics is basically the diverse elements that are considered crucial for building positive ethical believes. (Shafer-Landau, p.p 29), also brings forward other moral ethical elements such as the moral error theory, the desire-satisfaction theory, ethical particularism and the doctrine of double effects. All the above elements are crucial for shaping ones ethical perspectives and inclinations leave alone resolving ethical issues within a society.

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When questions of ethics and morality are brought up for discussion they can be immensely difficult to mediate. What is perceived as ethically “right” to one person may be considered “wrong” to another. It is part of human nature to evaluate issues from a subjective standpoint, as opinions and prioritization of values vary on an individual level. This difference of personal beliefs, therefore, often leads to the existence of biased arguments. Due to this, it is essential for any argument to follow a set of ethical criteria in order to be considered valid and effective.

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In this paper I am going to explain what Divine Command Theory is. Then I will explain an objection to it called the Euthyphro Objection. Lastly I will explain Quinn’s response to the Euthyphro Objection and raise an objection to his treatment of the objection. Before I explain Divine Command Theory first I want to explain morality according to Quinn. Quinn states that morality is based on three concepts: rightness, wrongness, and obligation (515).

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Utilitarianism

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Introduction Every day we as citizens of this country make decisions either consciously or unconsciously on how we go about our daily lives. We make all of our decisions based on our own personal moral behavior and what we believe in. Moral rules are defined in the book as things along the lines of people should not drink in excess or children should come before self (pg. 26). One’s moral behavior is primarily based on how they were brought up and what they were raised to believe. To test ones moral behavior ask yourself whether you perceive stealing, whether it be a candy bar from a gas station or stealing someone’s purse as wrong or right.

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Utilitarianism is the moral theory that the action that people should take it the one that provides the greatest utility. In this paper I intend to argue that utilitarianism is generally untenable because act and rule utilitarianism both have objections that prove they cannot fully provide the sure answer on how to make moral decisions and what will be the ultimate outcome. I intend to do this by defining the argument for act and rule utilitarianism, giving an example, presenting the objections to act and rule utilitarianism and proving that utilitarianism is untenable. Both act and rule utilitarianism attempt to argue that what is right or wrong can be proven by what morally increases the well being of people. Act utilitarianism argues that

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The concept of ethics entails systemizing, justifying, and recommending right and wrong conduct. It involves in practical reasoning: good, right, duty, obligation, virtue, freedom, rationality, and choice. Humanity has questioned this concept of ethics and ‘good’ for as long as it has survived, as it deals with real-life issues such as “what is morally right and wrong?” and “how do people ought to act?”

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There are different internal compasses that people utilize to point them towards the path of morality. The most common that probably still remains is The Golden Rule also referred to as the ethic of reciprocity. The Golden Rule stands for: “Treat others the way you want to be treated”. Some consider the Golden Rule to be the most universal of moral principles. Yet it does not always send a positive message.

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The divine command theory, utilitarianism, Kant’s duty defined morality, natural law theory, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics are the five types of ethical theories. The divine command theory states that what is morally right and wrong will be decided by God. Utilitarianism states that “Action “A” is morally right if and only if it produces the greatest amount of overall happiness. Kant’s duty defined morality states that what is important is acting for the sake of producing good consequences, no matter what the act is. Natural law theory states that people should focus on the good and avoid any evil.

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As it has been shown, the utilitarian view has its strengths and is certainly logical in some cases, however, Kantian ethics offer a more stable set of moral

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The first, it being the most perfect or most complete good and the second, that it be self sufficient. This end is not a subjective object of desire. It also cannot be assumed that this human good is something which all humans pursue. Rather, it is what we should pursue and as such provides us with a standard that can normatively evaluate the good of human life. The human good is activity of the soul in accordance with [rational] virtue, and if there

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It considers that moral act itself has moral value for example telling the truth is always right even when it may cause harm or pain. This theory is based on the supposed state of nature. According to this theory humans should use their ability of reason to discover how nature is in order to determine how we should act. Golden rule is an example of natural law states that “Do unto others as you would have them do unto

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“Do good and avoid evil” is a result of the differing educational, religious and cultural influences on man in the various times and places of his historical development. Thomas Aquinas contended that general principles of the natural law cannot be applied to all men in the same way on the great variety of human affairs, thus arises the diversity of positive laws among various people. Human laws deal with changing and contingent matters and often with singulars, do not have the certitude that belongs to the speculative sciences. Each has its own realm of operation and is sufficient that each have the certitude proper to its own realm. [ Ibid. ]

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