Apparently this method is like the previous one [word-for-word], yet it is not, it is different. In favor of this method of translation, the translator's task is to keep the same category of the word while rendering from the source language into the target one. In other words, a word is translated into a word, a phrase into a phrase, a noun into a noun, and an adjective into an adjective. Furthermore, an idiom has to be translated into an idiom, a metaphor into a metaphor, and a proverb into a proverb. Meaning that, the translator has to replace each word not just by its equivalent in the target language; moreover, that equivalent item should be the same as the source language item relating to its class and category (Ghazala, 1995: 08). Like in:
- He is a young a man, he is kind-hearted. هو يكون شابا.هو يكون طيب القلب
- You should wipe the floor by him. يجب عليك أن تمسح الأرض به
- A stitch in time saves nine. درهم وقاية خير من درهم علا
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Ghazala (1995: 17) argued that a translation problem is any difficulty which makes us stop translating to think about it. It is when the translator cannot render the source text into the target language easily; without checking his dictionaries, monolingual or bilingual, or making a lot efforts to retrieve, exploit his linguistic and cultural knowledge, in addition to his life experiences. Translation problems confronted almost all the times by translators can be of multiple causes; it can be grammatical, lexical, stylistic, phonological and cultural.
4.1. Grammatical Problems
Before we explain grammatical problems in translation, let’s consider the following example: "Of the three books you have recommended to me, I have chosen one". If translated into Arabic becomes:
من الكتب التي نصحتني بها, اخترت