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Forensic DNA: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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DNA is who we are, it also identifies who we are. Repetitive DNA makes up most of the DNA, which is used in forensic DNA analysis. Within the DNA there is a repeating series that’s known as the STR ( short tandem repeat). Everyone is different with the number of repeats, but have the same sequence in the same places. The STR can identify an individuals DNA profile. When people think of DNA, they think fingerprints or hair samples. This is one way detectives and investigators solve murders and other mysteries. There are other ways to find DNA with looking for skin under the finger nails of the victim. This is when DNA profiling comes in use, In order to see who skin was left behind under the finger nails they would use DNA profiling. The skin …show more content…

For example, Scientist determines a cell’s shape by microscopic examination. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first to introduce the microbial world. In Anton Van Leeuwenhoek ‘s exact words “ No more pleasant sight has met my eye than this of so many thousands of living creatures in one small drop of water.” This was written longer than three hundred years ago. The CDC studies different kind of diseases suck as lyme disease and different skin disorders. They use microscopes to see objects that cant be seen with the naked eye like micro …show more content…

Aquatic biomes occupy around 75% of Earth’s surface, its determined by their salinity and other physical factors. Freshwater biomes make up less than 1% of the Earth, and contains a mere of 0.01% of its water. Basically, we depend on fresh water biomes for drinking and other resources. A wetland is another biome.

An ecosystem consists of abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a specific area. For example, in a forest ecosystem consists of not only plants and animals, but also the soil,water, sunlight and other resources. Ecosystems are influenced by human actions and may pose an even greater threat to life on earth, including ourselves. Freshwater ecosystems are being polluted by large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that comes from fertilized farms and livestock

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The invention of the microscope help the development of the cell theory by allowing them to see the cell clearly and know the most amount of information about new discoveries. 2a. How do microscopes work?

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“On September 20th, 1986 a young woman was killed and, left behind at the scene, was a piece of DNA that investigators hoped would help solve the case” (Biemesderfer). There was no way to identify people yet. Nowadays, you can identify whose footprint it is by investigators and

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The Department of Justice says, "States began passing laws requiring offenders convicted of certain offenses to provide DNA samples. " That DNA evidence can help convict someone of a crime and it helps to uncover more things about the crime itself. Investigators have been using forensic science to help them solve cases since before the 90 's, mostly fingerprints that were found at the crime scenes and on the victims (O 'Brien). DNA evidence has solved countless cases including ones that happened over a prolonged period of time because of the technological advancements there is

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It can refute a claim of self-defense and put a weapon in the suspect's hand. It can change a story from an alibi to one of consent. The more officers know how to use DNA, the more powerful a tool it becomes.” This proves that DNA evidence is very reliable and is hard evidence that cannot be argued upon. DNA is either found at the scene of the crime or isn’t.

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Biotic components of ecosystems include plants, animals, and fungi living in that ecosystem that interact with the environment and other abiotic and biotic components. 8. Create a chart of the major characteristics of and differences between the following terrestrial biomes: Tundra, taiga, grasslands, temperate deciduous forest, desert, monsoon rainforest, tropical rainforest. 9. Create a chart of the major characteristics of and differences between the following aquatic biomes: freshwater ecosystems such as lakes, wetlands, and streams, marine biomes such as estuaries, intertidal zone, neritic zone, open sea zone, and deep sea zone.

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Fingerprinting is method based on the uniqueness of the skin pattern - that is, each person has a completely individual pattern of papillary lines. These patterns do not change throughout life and have the property of recovering from damage to the skin in its previous form. On the one hand, this method almost completely eliminates the mistake, and on the other hand it is very cheap and easy to use (in contrast the method of identification of a person by DNA). Fingerprinting allows: 1) to identify the person who left the prints, according to the general and particular features of the papillary pattern displayed on them; 2) to exclude individual from among those who have touched the object; 3) to narrow the group of individuals suspected of the particular crime (for instance, provided that the imprint shows traces of a scar, a burn, a wart or some other distinctive feature).

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In the lab report three students are tested along with one suspect. Student number two’s DNA matched the suspects DNA. The student’s DNA’s are cut with five different enzymes as well as the suspects DNA. Student two’s DNA matched exactly with the suspects DNA; the other two student’s DNA did not resemble the suspects DNA at all. (Choi, et al, 2008) DNA fingerprinting is used a lot in determining who committed a crime.

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In King, Justice Kennedy referred to the invention of DNA technology as “one of the most significant scientific advancements of our era.” This statement has been criticized, but the impact of DNA technology has been significant. Currently, forensic analysts can use “junk” DNA to identify a person with near certainty. Law enforcement can collect a person’s DNA through saliva. The sample is then uploaded to CODIS, a national network of DNA databases.

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As mentioned above, the nations U.S. companies advanced into have already developed the production base of these “prompt, inexpensive and skillful”. Accordingly, in U.S. where considerable production has shifted to overseas, as a result, this production base seems to have been weak in the related industries. (note2) A related infrastructure is an industrial base such as roads, railroads, airports, ports, power plants, water supply, communications, finance, and living bases such as houses, schools, hospitals, parks, and commerce etc. (note3) Originally, ecosystem is of a community in which animals and plants adapt to the environment (water, soil, air, the sunshine, etc.)

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20th Century At the turn of the 19th/20th centuries Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization while Robert Koch discovered his famous or infamous postulates: the anthrax bacillus, the tuberculosis bacillus and the cholera vibrio. Phase Contrast MicroscopeUV and Phase: By 1900, the theoretic limit of resolution for visible light microscopes (2000 angstroms) had been reached. In 1904, Zeiss overcame this limitation with the introduction the first commercial UV microscope with resolution twice that of a visible light microscope. In 1930 Fritz Zernike discovered he could view unstained cells using the phase angle of rays.

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Looking at the many factors that define a biome all affect the energy flow of an ecosystem. The abiotic factors affect how the organisms survive with different adaptations and how they live within the ecosystem. All the organisms rely on each other

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D Assessment DNA technology Forensic testing 24.11.2014 Marius Martinsen 10D Introduction: I have chosen to investigate Forensic testing, it is also known as DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting. During this essay I will discuss what the disadvantages and what the advantages of forensic testing are. I will also talk about how forensic testing is carried out. Forensic testing is used to identify an individual by using the DNA sequences of that person.

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Biomes are large communities of animals and plants. There is 10 types of biomes and each of them are unique. There all kinds of biomes such as grasslands, aquatic, and forests. All biomes are different. Some biomes are extremely cold, extremely hot, and rains often than usual.

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They have many ways to find a biological profile. A biological profile is a series of characteristics that an individual possessed during life but which critically can also be determined from skeletonized remains after death. To find a biological profile they’ll need to find the age, sex, gender, geographic ancestry, and trauma. They use fragments of bones from skulls and long bones to not only find the sex, age, and gender but sometimes they can find how they died. They also use those bones to find lots of information about that individual.

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DNA in forensic science The majority of cells making up the human body are diploid cells carrying identical DNA, with the exception of haploid gametes and red blood cells. Several types of biological evidence such as blood and hair are commonly used in forensic science, which is the scientific study of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal matters. Forensic science is used for the purpose of DNA analysis, this is the analysis of DNA samples to determine if it came from a particular individual. DNA analysis is done by obtaining DNA samples from an individual; next, a large sample of DNA is produced from amplified selected sequences from the DNA collected.

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