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Four Elements Of Federal Bureaucracy In The United States

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As I mentioned previously, Bureaucracy is a term that refers to certain government institutions. These institutions are responsible for the implementation of public policies and other important behind-the-scene tasks. Ideally, they are meant to be free from political accountability and are expected to release their orders autonomously. There are four elements of Federal bureaucracy and they are the Cabinet department, Independent executive agencies, Independent regulatory agencies i.e. EPA, and Government organizations. In relation to the President of the United States, congress, and the courts the relationship between the four is complicated. The President is able to: nominate people to be appointed as well as terminate people from their departments,
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1. When the Constitution was drafted “Article II, Section 2, clause 2 grants the President the power to ‘appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States [except those whose positions are not otherwise already provided for in the Constitution. And] Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers…in the President alone” (Presidential Powers). However, the issue of removal powers of the president where not addressed within the Constitution, therefore this issue is one that has been debated. The issue with removal power is if the president is given too much power and many member of Congress opposed this power.

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The President of the United States is the face of the government and the figure people turn to most to voice their concerns. The president doesn't do it all alone though. It's impossible to manage a country by yourself. For that reason, the president appoints a collection of people to lead the various departments. Do you know them all?

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There are 15 executive departments that carry out administration of the government. These 15 executive departments are joined by other agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency. The President address’s the heads of 50 federal commissions. This consists of the Securities and Exchange commission and the Federal Reserve Board. The EOP (Executive Office of the President) is a group of staff for the President.

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The most important thing that the bureaucracy does is implement policy. Congress and the President make the policies and laws, but they have someone else (the bureaucracy) to implement them. However, they also make policy by rule-making (process of defining rules or standards that apply uniformly to classes of individuals, events, and activities). Also, according to Jillson (2016), "Congress passes laws that authorize government programs, the bureaucracy then writes specific rules that define how the program will be administered." So, when the bureaucracy makes rules you have to obey them because they have the force of law.

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In order to ensure laws are properly enforced, he sets up agencies that make up the bureaucracy. o President even has the power to set this up as he would like since he can submit a budget proposal to both houses of Congress who spread out the

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The Vice President is responsible for the Senate as he is the leader of that house. The President’s Cabinet is selected by the president with the senate’s approval. The Cabinet consists of the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health, Secretary of Housing, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and the Secretary of Homeland Security. All of these positions are in charge of a different department. Within the executive branch there is many positions such as the United States Postal Service, NASA, CIA, or the Environmental Protection Agency, these agencies are not appointed by the president and are elected based off of popular vote.

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Being the elected leader of the country, it is expected for the President of the country to have many powers, such as having the authority to negotiate treaties with other nations. The President has the ability to select multiple people to serve the government, such as most important roles such as ambassadors, the Supreme Court members, and cabinet secretaries. Many of these positions require confirmation by the Senate under the "advice and consent" provision of the Constitution (Linder). The President can also, however, remove appointed officials. In the case of Myers v. the United States, “A 1876 law provided that postmasters of the first, second, and third classes shall be appointed and may be removed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.

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The federal bureaucracy as part of the executive branch exercises substantial independence in implementing governmental policies and programs. Most workers in the federal bureaucracy are civil-service employees who are organized under a merit system. The merit system is defined as the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections. This system uses educational and occupational qualifications, testing, and job performance as criteria for electing, hiring and promoting civil servants. Beginning in the federal government in 1888, it was established to improve parts of the governmental work force that had previously been staffed by the political patronage

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The three branches of government—executive, legislature, and judicial—each keep the others from gaining too much power. The executive branch, consisting of the president, is under deeper scrutiny to make sure the branch does not gain too much power because it consists of one person, while the others consist of 9 to 535 people. Because of this, there are a few main components to keep the president in check. The constitution states that the president has the power to make treaties, however, the senate must approve of the treaty by two-thirds vote. In addition, the constitution also states, all appointments made by the president must be approved by the senate as well by a majority vote.

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The legislative, executive, and judicial branches each have ways to check the power of another branch. Congress has the power to approve and confirm Presidential nominations, override a President’s veto, impeach the President and remove him or her from office, and impeach judges from office. The President can nominate judges and veto Congressional legislation. The Court has the rights to declare presidential acts and laws unconstitutional. “...the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that they may be a check on the other…

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In the late 1700’s, when America just established its own government, there weren’t as many bureaucracies as there are today. Many factors contributed to the increase in bureaucracies, such as the size of the government, population, and economy. FDR, with his New Deal that created thousands of new jobs (many being part of different agencies and corporations), helped to increase the size of bureaucracies. Just like in the past, there were things that hadn’t existed until today. In the future, there will be things that wasn’t heard of today.

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