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Four Major Theories Of Human Development

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Introduction It is very important to study about the development of the human. Because it provides framework to think about human growth, their mental development, and the most important one, ‘their learning’. As a teacher it is very important to study about these theories. Because it have a close relationship with the development of the students and their learning behavior (Michael, 2012) . So, in this assignment I am going to talk about the four major developmental theories which focused on the development of the human. And also the relationship between the development theories and the learning and how to apply those theories on the real world teaching. The Four Major Developmental Theories It is very important …show more content…

These theories serves us number of advantages, which are very important on our day to day teaching. There are many theories which highlight on human development. One of the four major theories which talk about the human development are: 1- Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development 2- Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development 3- Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development OR the Cognitive Theory 4- Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Freud’s theory is upon the idea of sexuality which includes all pleasure and physical striving. His theory was developed and based on five stages of psychosexual development (Jay, 2012). These five stages includes: 1- Oral stage - From Birth to 1 year 2- Anal stage - 1 year to 3 year 3- Phallic stage - 3 year to 6 year 4- Latency stage - 6 year to 12 year 5- Genital stage - From Puberty How to apply Theory of Psychosexual Development in real world teaching I am working as a teacher to teach students of grade 6 and 7. Their age is between 12 and …show more content…

How to apply Cognitive Theory in real world teaching It is very important to carefully assess the children’s current stage of cognitive development. With the help of this, teacher can arrange the lesson and tasks according to their development level. Students I am teaching are in the formal operations stage. Those who are in these stages are between 12 to 15 years old. It is mentioned in the theory that, those are in this age is very good at think about a situation with predefined result, also to form a hypotheses. On my teaching, I noticed that my students always likes to think about the hypotheses and to find out results of their own experience. So, generally I assigned them lessons, with a hypotheses on each of their work. So, these help them to reach their target. Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Unlike the Freud’s theory of Psychosexual Development, Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development and the Piaget’s Cognitive Development, Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory is up on three levels. And each of the level contains 2 stages (Kendra, Kohlberg's Theory of

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Similarities and differences of both theories. Similarities Differences • Both Piaget and Kohlberg focus their theories on children • Both theories explain the development of young children • Similar to Piaget, early stages of moral reasoning are characterized by immediate and concrete rewards or punishments. • Kohlberg posited that moral reasoning develops as a function of cognitive growth and change as well as experiences and interactions with the environment, and in this way was similar to Piaget. • Both these psychologists are criticized for not really describing human development fully. • Kohlberg’s theory is really one of cognitive development as applied to moral understanding because he believed that children developed their moral principles primarily though thinking about them.

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(refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1). All of them focus on the development of complex thinking skills. First at all, Piaget’s cognitive development theory is the most essential theory among others (Müller et al., 2009 and Scholnick et al., 1999 as cited in Lourenço, 2002, pp.281-295). This theory aims to explain the mechanisms and processes of children in understanding and discovering the world. There are 3 basic elements in theory of cognitive development which are schema, assimilation and accommodation.

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This theory stresses that early experiences with parents shape one’s development. Freud is best known for his psychoanalytic theory. Freud believed that sexual motivation was behind development, so his 5 stages of development are known as psychosexual stages. Erikson believed that there were 8 stages of development as we go through life. According to Freud, the primary motivation for human behavior is sexual in nature and our basic personality is shaped in the first five years of life.

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Though, there are few similarities of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, the major differences of the stages and the developmental issues that are explained in both the theories. The reason for this is that each theorist believed in his own experiences and ideas for the development. The main differences are that while Freud’s theory is mainly developed on the psychosexual changes, Erickson’s theory describes the effects of social experiences on an individual during his or her lifespan (Flannagan, 1999). Freud's stages of psychosexual development consist of five stages. Freud's five stages only went to the age of eighteen, whereas Erikson believed that personality develops throughout the entire life of an individual and for this reason his eight stages go

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