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Gall Fly Lab Report

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The effects of where these larvae are laid can dictate the fate of these gall fly larvae. A study shows that avian predators can assess a gall 's content prior to pecking it open, preferring galls that are inhabited by gall fly larvae. Bird predation was found to be concentrated near the places with a lot of tree cover where S. gigantean a large centipede tends to pray few attacks occurred in the open where golden rods are prevalent. The study was a field experiment to observe the preference of avian predators on galls in different habitat types and that had different sizes, and heights of galls. It is possible that birds have either learned through experience or evolved through natural selection to choose the more profitable galls (Poff et al. 2002). This shows that the survival rates of the gall is not just dependent on the size but also on the distribution of the galls in different habitats. This can demonstrate a reason to why the means may have been closely related. …show more content…

The separation in gall characteristic in the two biomes is due to different selection systems exerted by natural enemies of the gall fly. Each natural enemy used similar coevolution patterns this predicts that geographic variation in species interactions will lead to opposing selective pressures on interacting species, producing geographic variation in the traits of interacting species (Craig et al. 2007). This study reinforces the idea that gall fly characteristics have many different factors effecting them such as habitat, geography and the predators that they are more likely to encounter in each different biome. Also this shows that natural selection has different roles on the galls depending on the

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Daphnia Magna are small crustaceans that are excellent for observing the effect of depressants on their nervous system. The purpose of this specific experiment is to observe the effect of ethanol, aspirin, and caffeine on daphnia’s heart rate. Not only do these chemicals affect heart rate, but they also affect the frequency of reproduction, number of eggs produced, and body structure. Pesticides similar to these chemicals can be released into the environment and daphnia re useful in monitoring toxicity levels. The agents being tested in this experiment can be administered to determine the effects of hormones, stimulants, antidepressants, and neurotransmitters.

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This graph shows that each ratio of beetles had a different mating time so there was no significant difference in the time of the mating ratio beetles. Discussion In experiment our hypothesis stated that the female beetle would lay more eggs on the northern bean because the northern bean looks and feels like the original beans the beetles came from. The original bean which is the black eye peas is where the beetles grew up on for many generations so they are successful and familiar with supported that the beetles would lay majority of their eggs on the Northern beans because the northern beans are close to what the bean beetles originated from, but as we analyzed the data it also showed that the bean beetled laid most of their beans on the Navy beans as well.

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In our experiment, we examined the behavior of isopods by conducting the experiment based on our hypothesis: “If ten isopods are put into the test chamber, 5 in sand and 5 in soil, which environment will the pillbug prefer.” We hypothesized that the isopods would favor the soil more than the sand because pillbugs are typically found in soil and not in sand. Pillbugs are favored in soil because the natural role of a pillbug is to eat dead and decaying things but, in sand there are no nutrients available for pillbugs. Pill bugs are mostly found in moist environments, due to having gills, gills only function when they are wet so pill bugs will inhabit places in which air holds a lot of water

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The black-horned tree cricket also known as the Oecanthus nigricornis is native to central North America and is the focal animal for this lab report. The following behaviors were observed on Thursday, September 28, 2017 at approximately 3:00 pm, in a controlled lab (room DV 4072). The study was conducted within a dark room using a red light, this light was used because it is invisible to crickets however, it assists us in visually identifying the cricket. The timer was turned on as soon as we had both the male and the female on the plant. The courtship lasted for 72 minutes, during which we expected to see the eight mating stages consisting of; pre-courtship, courtship, pre-copulatory feeding bouts, copulation attempts, spermatophore transfer,

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At the conclusion of each of the three trials, the number of caterpillars that showed peck marks was tallied. The average of the three trials revealed that 0.67 out of 8 patterned caterpillars had been pecked and 2.67 out of 8 of the solid colored caterpillars showed signs of avian predation (Figure 1). The average rate of avian predation for the three trials was 8.3% for the patterned caterpillars and 33.3% for the solid colored caterpillars. The number of patterned caterpillars pecked was less than the number of solid colored caterpillars pecked for all three trials. It was observed that there were no adhesive issues, weather related damage, or interference from tree

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In the words of Hamlet, “I am pigeon-livered and lack gall.” Hamlet (2/2 pg. 44). This statement portrays Hamlet’s continuous struggle to seek revenge on Claudius throughout the play. He knows that revenge is in order, but he doesn’t believe he will be able to carry it out. The true question is will Hamlet ever get his revenge or will he delay until it is too late?

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