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Genetic Testing Ethics

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Ethics and Genetic Testing As we all can agree, our genes play a highly important role in making us who we are as humans. If the information produce by genes is normal than everything can turn out normal and infants can be born healthy. There are those incidents the genetic information produce by genes is wrong and results of this information can lead to injury, disease, and/or illness of the fetus (Munson, 2012). The ability to predict or diagnosis miss information produced by genes is called genetic testing. This testing can be done before conception, during pregnancy, and of the infant and parents after birth. So when is the best time to discuss this with parents? The sooner the better. According to Pillitteri (2014), nurses play a …show more content…

Some people feel that all abortion is wrong, even those that are selective, and because they feel disease or illness is no reason to terminate a pregnancy. There are those that support selective abortion because they feel that terminating the pregnancy will avoid pain. Suffering and lifelong disabilities. According to Ellis and Hartley (2012), nurses have a right to refuse to participate in procedures that result in abortion or in the care of the woman wanting an abortion due to the nurse own personal and ethical beliefs. With this being said, the nurse has the ethical obligation to provide nonjudgmental care and care that is of high-quality when abortion is of an emergent nature regardless of their own personal beliefs and values (Callister, 2011). It is the nurse responsibility to notify their employers of these personal beliefs before the situation arises. As the issue of abortion is a highly debated area, nurses need to remember that it is the right of the patient (autonomy) to makes choices that is in the best interest of them and their child. As nurse, we have an obligation to these patients to be educated and ensure they are armed with correct information in order to make the best decision for them and their …show more content…

According to Munson (2014), through genetic screening or testing, birth of infants with debilitating or crippling defects can be avoided. Also through testing, disease and illness could be eradicated because the gene that causes the disease or illness would not be passed on to the next generation. This is consider eugenics. Some in the medical field have a negative feeling towards this, as if to be playing God. There are others in the medical field on the extreme end feel that laws should be developed that couples with known genes that cause genetic disorders must not have children or if they do selection of embryos are done (Munson, 2014). Genetic testing is expensive and not all insurance cover specialized testing and many cannot afford out-of-pocket cost. Other issues considered is that if a child is born with a genetic disorder or illness, what strain could the lifelong treatment required by the child put on the finances of the family, their insurance, or would the child qualify for state and/or federal medical benefits. Advocates for genetic testing due to the increasing cost and strain on the health care system, the amount of money spent on tests to diagnosis or treat is much cheaper than that of money spent on the care of a child with disabilities (Munson, 2012). Considerations in regards to the future of an infant born with a genetic disease or illness with regards to issues as personal image, self-esteem, and the

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Ethical Considerations in Genetics and Genomics Ethical duties of genetic testing is a challenge among healthcare workers. Ethical dilemmas are created due to situations resulting from genetic testing. Ethical dilemmas is created when genetic testing reveals vital information to a patient and the patient refuses to disclose information to family members that can be affected. Healthcare workers are to protect the privacy of patient’s health records according to the Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)

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A pressing women’s right issue that has divided the nation for the last 40 years is Abortion. It’s a procedure in which a woman medically terminates her pregnancy, this option to terminate a pregnancy has come under great fire due to moral permissibility and ethical concern. The right to abortion was granted on a constitutional basis under the landmark decision by the supreme court case, “Roe Vs. Wade” but has been attacked and attempted to be dismantled by sweltering opposition by several special-interests groups.

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which will be discussed later. Abby Lippman, in her article “Prenatal Genetic Testing and Screeening: Constructing Needs and Reinforcing Inequalities” she also acknowledges this issue of autonomy through creation of her model of reproductive autonomy. In her framework, she believes that having access to a prenatal genetic screening is crucial to a woman’s reproductive autonomy or the ability to be better informed about reproductive choices that she, as a mother, can make (Lippman, 22). Similar to Botkin, Lippman’s autonomy based framework supports the access to prenatal testing. The implications of autonomy do not directly address the presence of governmental involvement in this issue, but patient autonomy does encourage the accessibility to

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Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis is a technique used to detect genetic diseases or chromosomal abnormalities in early human embryos. PGD is ethically controversial because it the screening involves the termination of embryos based on their expected genetic makeup. Furthermore, it is controversial whether where the line is drawn between PGD for medical uses and non-medical uses. For example, it is used to detect cancer causing genes or precursors for Alzheimer's disease. Non-medical uses would be to detect intelligence, height, and gender selection.

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Imagine knowing if a child will have a genetic disorder such as Down Syndrome. Or if the child will obtain Alzheimer's disease as they grow old? Ponder the stress of having an outcome of such a life changing result, and watching the child grow up with the constant remind of the fatal disease that awaits them. This is becoming a depressing reality for people worldwide knowing their pre destined fate or future diagnosis due to Prenatal Genetic Testing. Prenatal Genetic testing shows whether or not if the fetus has certain mutations or disabilities.

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After reading the articles,”Why We Should Think Twice About Giving Genetic Tests to Our Kids” ,by Michael White, and “Genetic Testing for Kids:Is It a Good Idea?”, by Bonnie Rochman, parents should not give these tests to their children. If the children did take the test the result would outway the benefits, they would have anxiety, and the testing doesn’t always work. One main reason that a child should not the test is ,they could have anxiety for the rest of their lives. If a child took the genetic test they could learn they have a deadly disease they don’t know about yet.

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Genetic testing has raised an ethical debate. According to Mand, Gillam, Debatyckis, and Duncan (2012) neither argument has taken a strong dominance over the other. Mand et al. (2012) states that “the debate has adopted a to-and-fro pattern defined by parallel lines of argument, rarely intersecting and relying heavily on fundamentally opposed positions on core principles of bioethics with no reconciliation in sight”(Discussion, para.3).

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Therefore, if two parents are carriers of a certain gene that will disable their child, they can modify that gene to make a child that will not have that disability. As well as some parents will have designer babies to save another child they already have with a certain disease. In this method, parents will choose their child’s blood type and such in order for them to match that other diseased child and potentially give them their blood, marrow, and even organs. Genetically modifying a child’s chance of disease ensures that a child may live a life without potential disease and disability that they may have been more prone to had their parents’ not used this method. This also ensures a healthy life for a child that had a greater potential of having a medical condition due to their parents being carriers of that particular gene.

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As technology advances, more things become possible. One of these things is genetically modifying a baby, this is very wrong. Genetic modifying or genetic engineering is altering someone or something’s DNA. Scientists hope to cure diseases with this method but doing this can lead to some harmful effects. This process is very unethical.

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According to Merriam Webster, Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's ancestry or biological relationship between people. Now, with Genetic Diagnosis, comes a very controversial topic, also known as, preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, which simply involves checking the genes of embryos created through IVF (In vitro fertilization) to allow a specific inherited disease or condition in the family to be withheld from passing it on in their offspring’s. A number of families have DNA that contributes to problematic health issues.

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Should or should we not prohibit genetically engineered babies is the question to ask. After years and year of trying to figure out the cure for a disease like a mitochondrial disease, a group of professional on the topic believes that it would greatly benefit the baby ’s outcome exceptionally if their parents has harmful genetics. Most people concern would be how the baby would turn out because there have not been any clinical trials that prove that the genetics that is engineered properly work like they should. I personally believe that the genetics of baby should not be engineered, but I do believe that it should be up to the parent of the children since it is their child in the first place.

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In the long run, however, it could cause more negative outcomes than positives. Genetically modified babies seem to have positive benefits, but modifying children could potentially harm the child in the future, is an unnecessary procedure, and is overall socially and ethically wrong. Changing a child 's natural genetic structure may seem like a benefit to get rid of a potentially dangerous gene. However, changing the natural genetic structure can still harm the child and future offspring and future descendants of that child. Rebecca Dresser, a Professor of Law and Ethics in Medicine, claims, “As a result,

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For example, if there is a complication in pregnancy and the mother can suffer because of the child, I think it is ok to do abortion. It is important to understand the various ideas that go behind abortion. The right of an abortion for a mother should be left on her own decision as the mother knows best about her condition. She is going to be the 'host body ' for the baby, even though her own, for nine months and according to Thompson, the mother should have the right to decide if she wants to foster and go through with the ordeal. But still, there are also a strong debate going on about the human rights of the child:

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Editing of the human genome in the past has been only a sight seen in dystopia works such as Brave New World. Now, genetic enhancement is a prevalent today and people are beginning to realize the issues that can arise from creating these designer babies. Gene editing can be helpful to eradicate life changing disabilities. Yet, the term disability does not correctly label these differently abled people, as the idea of what is considered disabled has changed overtime. To fully understand the consequences and implications of genetic selection and enhancement of human embryos, society must mature and declare lines of what is and is not ethically moral.

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Some argue that it is against Christianity. Nonetheless, holy books does not have an explicitly written text about genetic screening. The arguments are only constructed from implications of the holy texts. As the holy texts might hold many different meanings, who can know for sure, if genetic screening is just or unjust way? As this topic is very complicated dilemma and needs a further debates to come to a common consensus, one should consider two outcomes: when it is morally accepted and when it is condemned as unethical thing to do.

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