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Hippocampus Synthesis Essay: Declarative Memory

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When discussing memory the hippocampus is one of the most important aspects of the brain to consider. According to the Oxford dictionaries, the hippocampus is defined as, “the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.” This piece of the brain is one that has been extensively researched in the past, but still presents neuroscience researchers with many unanswered questions. It is now widely accepted that the hippocampus is considered to “be essential for a specific kind of memory, known as declarative memory” ( Squire 1992). The declarative memory is defined by Dr. Squire as the explicit and relational aspects of memory and is not defined as the implicit memories that a person has. Squire continues to state that hippocampus is necessary in order for an organism to construct its entire memory. …show more content…

One question that Fred Gage, Adler Professor in the Laboratory of Genetics at the Salk Institute, poses is can the stimulation of the hippocampus boost an organism’s entire memory and its overall cognitive function? Gage states that when this phenomenon is tested in aged mice, the hippocampus can be stimulated through physical exercise (Gage 2005). He continues and uses the data collected from his research to support his conclusion that once the hippocampus becomes stimulated, subjects will display lower acquisition times of new information and higher retention of previously presented

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At the time the physician removed parts of his hippocampus as a way to stop his seizures. HM seizures went away, but he could not form any new memories. However, one form of memory left intact in both HM and Leonard is the ability to learn skills. This ability is known as procedural memory, a memory that is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection (Kalat, 1998), it allows us to learn how to do things such as ride a bike or play an instrument. The areas of the brain outside of the hippocampus are involved in procedural memory, which is why an injury that results in anterograde amnesia doesn't affect procedural memory.

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I disagree because memorizing facts and important ideas is highly important even though memory has lost its prime power. We usually only speak of and remember the explicit memories that just naturally stick in our brain. The explicit ones are usually feelings, events, facts, and really personal experiences, The author says memory inside our heads is the products of an extraordinary complex natural process. Carr says “the more we use the internet the more we train our brains to be easily distracted and make it hard to concentrate.” I relate to this idea because I am a product of the internet era, we have a growing dependence on the webs information.

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The theory of the hippocampus supporting memory function was first discovered more than fifty years ago, in the case study of Henry Gustav Molaiso (H.M.). He endured a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy for the relief of epilepsy. Immediately

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Essentially, it is the knowledge of how to do certain things. Clive experiences this in his ability to play the piano. Even though he isn't able to remember experiences of playing music, his tactile knowledge of the keys and ability to read music remains within his memory. While the longterm and shorter memory were largely affected by the destruction of the Hippocampus the procedural memory is a type of implicit memory and the part of the brain that was destroyed by the encephalitis was not necessary for implicit memory, but more so for explicit. Abilities like playing the piano, riding a bike, and walking would not necessarily be stored in the long term memory but in the areas surrounding it, like the motor cortex.

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The hippocampus is responsible for transferring short term memory to long term memory. It is one of the few parts of the

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The hippocampus is a neural component of cognitive function as it has the α4β2 nicotinic receptor that was discovered to be involved in memory functioning (8). Owing to the fact that chronic systemic nicotine infusion fails to block the ventral hippocampal MLA-induced memory damage on the same radial-arm maze, it is known that nicotine’s positive effects on memory function is due to the hippocampal α7 nicotinic receptors (9). Nicotinic changes in the hippocampal function could produce enduring functional changes in the hippocampal pathways as the hippocampus strengthens synaptic connections in areas involved in addiction (9). It was found that nAChRs might facilitate effects of nicotine on memory and learning (10). Acute administration of

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The biological approach to the basis of memory is explained in terms of underlying biological factors such as the activity of the nervous system, genetic factors, biochemical and neurochemicals. In general terms memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and recall information and past experiences afterwards in the human brain. In biological terms, memory is the recreation of past experiences by simultaneous activation or firing of neurons. Some of the major biopsychological research questions on memory are what are the biological substrates of memory, where are memories stored in the brain, how are memories assessed during recall and what is the mechanism of forgetting. The two main reasons that gave rise to the interest in biological basis of memory are that researchers became aware of the fact that many memory deficits arise from injuries to the brain.

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One famous case of amnesia supporting Squire's view is patient H.M. (Scoville & Milner, 1957), who had parts of his left and right temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala and surrounding areas of both removed. He developed severe anterograde amnesia, the inability to learn new information, resulting in an almost completely absent short-term memory storage. He also had moderate retrograde amnesia, unable to remember information between 3 to 11 years prior to his surgery, but with other long-term memories unaffected. Explaining this, Squire argued that memories are consolidated in the hippocampus, easily disrupted by trauma during this. They become less dependent on the hippocampus with time, eventually being stored in the neocortex (Alvarez &

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