The next day, they are joined by 500 police officers and 150 sheriffs' deputies. September 16, 1963 - President John F. Kennedy responds by saying, "If these cruel and tragic events can only awaken that city and state - if they can only awaken this entire nation to a realization of the folly of racial injustice and hatred and violence, then it is not too late for all concerned to unite in steps toward peaceful progress before more lives are lost." September 16, 1963 - Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. holds a press conference in Birmingham, saying that the U.S. Army "ought to come to Birmingham and take over this city and run it." 1965 - Suspects emerge: Bobby Frank Cherry, Thomas Blanton, Robert Chambliss, and Herman Frank Cash, all Ku Klux Klan members. Witnesses are reluctant to talk and physical evidence is lacking so charges are not filed.
Patriots: The Men Who Started The American Revolution Patriots: The Men Who Started The American Revolution is a nonfiction novel by A. J. Langguth. The title of the book reflects the theme of the book. The book focuses on the revolutionaries who played a significant role in the American Revolution. The work brings the combats, the treasons, and the vibrant characters of the individuals that forged the freedom of the United States of America to life. It features revolutionaries such as Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Patrick Henry, and John Adams.
The city’s police leader, Eugene “Bull” Connor, was also notorious for his willingness to use brutality in combating radical demonstrators, union members, and blacks. The night of the bombing there man angry black protestors. Governor Wallace sent out hundreds of policeman and state troopers to break up the large angry crowd. 2 others were killed that night one by police and the other by racist white thugs. Upon learning of the bombing at the Church, Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. sent a telegram to Alabama Governor George Wallace, a staunch and vocal segregationist, stating bluntly: 'The blood of our little children is on your hands."
Racial segregation in public transportation was now illegal, therefore the Freedom Riders wanted to determine whether this law was being enforced. On May 14th African-American's decided to sit wherever they chose to on the bus. Many white supremacists acted upon this and started throwing
The freedom riders proved a point to show the strength of the black race, but caused a divide as the white race became threatened and ---more
Huge sums of whites would surround the greyhound bus and brutally beat the freedom riders as they got off. Throughout time, “The rides continued […] under pressure from the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals (Freedom Rides, history.com)”. Discrimination was still continuing and the demand for equality was rising higher. The March on Washington brought many civil rights organizations together on August 28, 1963. More than a quarter million people showed up, and marched from the Washington monument to the Lincoln memorial in protest and celebration.
The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century enslaved people of African descent in the United States. It was in efforts to escape to the Free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists that showed sympathy towards them. The Underground Railroad was not “underground” and it wasn’t actually a “railroad.” The reason it was called “underground” was because of how secretive it had to be and it was called a “railroad” because it was an evolving form of transportation.
Throughout the Freedom Rides, the authorities never really helped the riders. They would begin to protect them and wind up abandoning the group when the whites would come to attack. These attacks wouldn’t be stopped until Attorney General Kennedy sent large amounts of marshals to stop the violence. Kennedy seemed to be one of the only ones who wanted to help protect the riders, so when they were under attack they would call him and ask for his help. He would send federal marshals, who actually at one riot, filled the white mob with tear gas.
Even through all of the threats King received, after going to jail and having his house bombed, he persevered and pressed on against segregation. This was only another of his many achievements that greatly affected the civil rights movement. One of King’s most popular achievements was the Birmingham Campaign. King organized large groups of students to march from the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church to City Hall. Eugene Connor, Birmingham's commissioner of public safety, met the students with fire hoses and and police attack dogs.
On the guided tour of the Freedom Trail, specifically the Allegiance to Revolution tour, the retelling of the American Revolution concentrating on the white, upper class male allows for a dramatization and limited perspective of American history. The tour, which traveled from Faneuil Hall, to Paul Revere’s home, and finally the Old North Church, focused on the events between 1774 and 1775 that led the New Englanders to switch from trying to remain loyal to Great Britain and wanting a revolution for freedom. Instead of providing a complete portrayal of the New England people and their involvement in the events leading up to the American Revolution, the tour guide mentioned only men, specifically highlighting those in high social classes and
The Underground Railroad was a system of abolitionists that assisted runaway slaves on their path to freedom. The Underground railroad was started by abolitionist and former slave, Harriet Tubman. Once Tubman obtained her freedom, she decided to go back into slave states and help other slaves achieve freedom. On the railroad were conductors, or people that aided slaves on the railroad by providing them shelter and safety. Abolitionists, such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass, wrote about the Underground Railroad and spread awareness of the hardships slaves face.
Women in America are not held in as high regard as men, but it was a worse situation in 1913. Women had been staging protests for the right to vote throughout the nation for 60 years. The Women’s Suffrage Parade of 1913 was the first to be held in the capital. This event was a peaceful protest following the rights of the First Amendment and positively impacting society. The Women’s Suffrage Parade was vital to society both at the time it occurred and today.
The event that I have chosen is the Freedom Rides, which started May 4, 1961 and ended December 10, 1961. The Freedom Rides were inspired by the Greensboro Sit-ins, and started with 13 African American and Caucasian protestors riding buses into the segregated south to challenge the lack of enforcement to the Supreme Court ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional. While the activists were peaceful the local law enforcement and people against their message were not. The activists were beaten at several stops along their journey from Anniston to Birmingham with chains, bricks, and bats by Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members in Alabama, and activists that were injured would be refused hospital treatment. Bull Connor, Commissioner of Public Safety
The Underground Railroad. A metaphor as it was, it was neither a railroad nor was it even underground. In the time where slavery became a divided issue with the status of legality in various parts of the country, the underground railroad found its beginnings through collective organized efforts from abolitionists and allies alike to help enslaved African americans to escape to territories and states where they could be free from slavery. It was a loosely-developed system that also included series of routes led by “conductors” such as Harriet Tubman, for escaping slaves, or “passengers”.
King wrote to New York Times, “This is Selma, Alabama. There are more negroes in jail with me than they are on the voting rolls.” (Klein 1). The National Guard helped them on the last march. No police officers could turn them back, and they couldn 't beat them in front of the National Guard.
