game theory also assists in deciding the validity of a pivotal vote in presidential elections. essentially, a pivotal vote encompasses a tie-breaking cast that decides the overall outcome of the presidential election. in practice, most presidential elections in universal democracies employ the principles and concepts of game theory to make a call on pivotal votes since it embodies position and power. from a game theory perspective, the vote of an individual matters when it is considered crucial. in particular, game theory idealizes and election as hypothetically decided by a pivotal vote. to determine the quality and input of a pivotal vote in an election, the mathematical models of game theory come into play. as a result, the outcome of the