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How Does Globalization Affect Global Crime

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GLOBALIZATION & TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
RESEARCH AND DATA ANALYSIS
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES CRITICALLY DISCUSS HOW THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION HAS INFLUENCED THE GROWTH OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME.

Globalization is the process of interaction and integration of people, ideals and governments worldwide which is driven by trade, investment and the quest for market expansion and propelled by constant technological advancements particularly in telecommunications infrastructure and the growth of the internet. It is a contemporary phenomenon that is reflected in art, popular music, linguistic changes and migration; we?ve all become one big global economy. The world today experiences wide spread economic …show more content…

And the attendant gun trade. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and concurring governments have conducted studies and surveys of the major cultivation areas for coca bush and opium poppy for many years, and so estimates can be made with some precision as to how much cocaine and heroin are being produced. Drug trafficking and drug addiction create a temporal link between the fates of communities in the developed and developing worlds, even if the numbers of persons involved are quite small. According to the UN Office of Drug Control (UNODC), over a twelve-month period spanning 2005 and 2006, an estimated two hundred million persons used drugs illegally out of a global population of 6.475 billion. Of these, 110 million used drugs on a monthly basis, of which twenty-five million, or 0.6 percent of the global working age population (15?64), were classed as ??problem drug users.?? (Siracusa, 2009). Many countries submit their drug seizure data to UNODC, and most of the main terminus countries have survey data on the size of the drug-using population. Supply, demand and seizures can be triangulated to give a more dependable picture than any single data source could generate. As a result, some trends can be tracked with considerable confidence. It is clear, for example, that long-term declining demand for cocaine in the United States and rapidly growing demand for it in Europe have reconfigured international drug markets. Between 2004 and 2008, West Africa suddenly became an important transit area for the drug in a way never seen before. Also unusual is the growing trafficking of cocaine base products from Bolivia to neighbouring developing countries in the Southern Cone. The Caribbean countries also acts as another main transit point in the demand and supply chain. These phenomena can be tracked through supply, demand and seizure statistics. But there remain many gaps

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Introduction Written and published in 2008 by Paul Gootenberg, History professor and Latin American studies at University of New York at Stony Brook, “Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global drug” retraces the pivotal stages of the illicit cocaine trafficking, starting from the boundless coca fields in Latin America to the chemistry laboratories in Europe up until the streets of U.S. cities. The aim of this book review is to provide the reader with a short but detailed insight of what is the main content of the book, by paying particular attention to its structure, objectivity and style. Scope & Organisation Adopting a meticulous chronological approach, Gootenberg describes the infamous and complex untold history of cocaine, analysing and

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In Australia in recent years the illicit drug market has increased steadily. It is unknown just how large the markets actually are, but there is no debate that it is profitable. According to Gong, W., Ritter, A., Bright, D., & Doran, C. (2012,p208) ,the Price of methamphetamines can range from 4 times to 20 times the original product cost price. Many people use Methamphetamines because of accessibility. This causes serious problems socially and economically.

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129). Opium grown in the fields of Afghanistan today ends up as heroin on the streets of cities right across the globe, from Paris to Berlin, to London and New York, to Cape Town and Lagos. The trading routes along which it travels so speedily and efficiently are under pinned and facilitated by these infrastructural improvements (Friman, 2004). In the European region, the relaxation of border controls and attempts to create a pan-Europe free market have further facilitated trade. The impact on drug consumption patterns has been little short of transformative.

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Drug enforcement agencies throughout North America spend over 40 billion tax dollars annually on their government funded war on drugs. The DEA currently classifies cocaine as an addictive and dangerous, schedule-two drug. Around the 1880’s, however, cocaine was celebrated in the United States for its “magical, medicinal purposes” (New Ulm Weekly Review). The miracle medicine of the late 19th century, cocaine, is derived from the coca plant native to South America, more specifically, the Andes Mountains. South Americans chewed the coca leaves for thousands of years to counter the nauseating effects of living in thin mountain-air environments and to stimulate their heart and breathing rates for hunting purposes.

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The ability to be able to have so much power and influence over so many things that affect our lives is inconceivable. From simple activities of a normal daily life to how a country can run and how it may flourish, the effects that drug trafficking has grown to new heights. The war on drugs has long been a struggle in many different countries and goes across the entire world. While some countries have been able to limit the trafficking, others struggle to contain it and simply cannot stop it. Drug trafficking has a great power and influence over how many things function such as the economy, daily living, and politics, but could be combatted with different strategies such as legalisation.

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The 2014 National Drug Threat Assessment (NDTA) Summary discourses evolving expansions associated with the trafficking and use of main illicit drugs abuse. The U.S. seizures of illegal substances in shipment exceeded 1,626 metric tons, demonstrating that DTOs have great succeed in shipping thousand tons of cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, heroin, and MDMA into the United States each year. (DEA 2014) There are exceptional smuggling and shipping methods related with each drug type, but drug seizure statistics and federal, state, and local law enforcement reporting shows that smuggling overland and transportation by vehicle surpass all other methods of smuggling combined. The 2014 National Drug Control Strategy, in which has had very little

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The cannabis market is the largest with 10.3% of Australians using the drug in 2010 . The cultivation can involve small-scale production for personal use to large operations for the purpose of distribution . Cocaine is mainly supplied by Columbia, Peru and Bolivia with the market being dominated by entrenched criminal groups such as those from Columbia and Mexico . The high price of cocaine in Australia has made it an attractive market for these groups .

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Causes for Emigration in Contemporary Latin America Similar to the Chinese of the 19th century, the United States is also a favorable destination of immigration to Latin Americans contemporarily. While Latin American nations do not face foreign threats as the Qing did, some nations face an equivalent, if not worse, economic hardships and violence. Instead of ubiquitous opium use and addiction, drug trafficking in Latin America presents threats to economic livelihood and personal security. In terms of statistics, In the list of major illicit drug producing/transit countries, approximately 60 percent of the countries are located in Latin America (Department of State 2015).

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The damaging effects of cocaine and its destructive influences in Western society were first observed over 100 years ago. They led to the national and international establishment of strict legal controls to limit the use of cocaine to medical applications only. For fifty years, from 1910 to 1960, such regulations along with social disapproval were sufficient to curtail cocaine use to a very small group of high class society. Now, cocaine is used by all levels of society. It can be found in the executive suite, the suburban living room for cocktail hour, the college dorm, and the high school locker

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