How The 5 Nobel Prizes Awarded Before 2003 And Describe How They Relates To Protein Chemistry

1a. Choose 5 Nobel prizes awarded before 2003 and describe how they relate to protein chemistry.

• Awarded to : Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel (1988)

Award: Nobel prize in Chemistry for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction center.

Relation to protein chemistry: The research basically focused on discovering structure of membrane-bound, photosynthetic reaction center which utilizes light energy to build organic substances. This structure of protein helped to understand chemical process of photosynthesis.

• Awarded to : Max F. Perutz, John C. Kendrew (1962)

Award: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

Relation to protein chemistry:

Prusiner (1997)

Award: Nobel prize in The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection

Relation to protein chemistry: He discovered prions, which are self-propagating proteins that cause neuro-degenrative disease in animals and human. This discovery paved way to study more about mechanisms of dementia related disease like Alzheimer.

• Awarded to: Frederick Sanger (1958)

Award: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin.

Relation to protein chemistry: He discovered that proteins have a specific sequence and applied this to obtain chemical and amino acid sequence of protein. His work paved way to develop drugs in protein chemistry that target specific pathways.

• Awarded to : Vincent du Vigneaud (1955)

Award: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on biochemically important Sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone

Relation to protein chemistry: He worked on isolating a cyclic peptide named oxytocin and studied the structure along with the

2004 for their discoveries of "odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

To: Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck

They discovered that receptors consist of chains of amino acid and has a binding pocket where odorant attaches which alters its shape to activate G-protein for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

To: aron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose

They discovered ubiquitin molecule which attached to the protein to be destroyed and carries it to proteasome for degradation.

2005 Not protein chemistry Not protein chemistry

2006 Not protein chemistry Not protein chemistry

2007 Not protein chemistry Not protein chemistry

2008 Not protein chemistry for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

To: Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien

GFP is glowing marker which is tagged to certain proteins to study the chemical interactions for example nerve cell damage in Alzheimer disease.

2009 for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

To: Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W.