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Race theories and practices in Australia in the 20th century
Race theories and practices in Australia in the 20th century
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After 10 long years Torres Strait Islander Eddie ‘Koiki’ Mabo has lead indigenous Australians to a victory over the Queensland government. This win this case is a historical moment, as of yesterday, the indigenous Australians have been recognised as the owners of Murray Island. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are known to have resided in Australia, 40,000 to 60,000 years before the British arrived in 1788. When the British took over they decided to take all the land for themselves even though the indigenous Australians were here first. This court case recognises indigenous Australians unique connection to the land and acknowledges that they have the rights to the land.
How did the White Australia Policy limit the growth of multiculturalism in Australia during the 1900’s? The immigration Act 1901 was an act of the Parliament of Australia which limited immigration, and tried to exclude all non-Europeans from living and working in Australia. The “White Australia” policy was the name given to a group of laws that stopped non-Europeans from coming to live in Australia. As a non-European, to live in Australia you had to pass a dictation test to prove if you could speak the European languages.
Before that, it was simply a collection of 6 British colonies. They partly self-governed but they were under the law-making power of the British Parliament. Many people had wanted Australia to maintain the British heritage which means only white people can be allowed into Australia, creating the ‘White Policy’. Because of this, non-Australians could not help in the war, no matter how much they wanted to.
Here, the Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (VIC) was made to establish an inclusive scheme of control over the lives of First Australians (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 2014). New South Wales’ equivalent to this was the Aborigines Protection Act 1909 (NSW) which was to provide protection and care of Aboriginal People but rather legislated for the control of their lives. The policies of assimilation directly related to and relied on segregation and protectionism policies. This policy reflected the views of all governmental bodies of Australia, in that they thought it necessary that Aboriginal people were to eventually exercise the equivalent method of living as non-Indigenous Australians and to live as members of a sole community appreciating the same rights and freedoms, accept the same responsibilities, observing similar duties and be predisposed to the same loyalties, hopes and
Prior to the legislation of the Immigration policy, the current white Australian policy was perceived as being anti-Asian, which had the possibility of significantly harming Australia’s trade with Asian countries. By the 1960s, the policy was gradually becoming extinct with the admittance of certain skilled immigrants and accompanying people from Asia – often those who had been trained
However the founders of this new nations felt threatened so therefore this kind of utopia that they planned to create was for one race only which was the White. Ironically the felt the need for exclusion of those who they saw as not White, these included the Chinese, Pacific Islander workers and the indigenous Australians who were deemed as a dying race. After becoming a federation one of the first pieces of Commonwealth legislation passed was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 introduced by Australia’s first Prime Minister Edmund Barton. His views were inspired by a book called national life and character by Charles Pearson. In his book Pearson write about how if not prevented the yellow, black and brown races will overthrow the white which will be such a humiliating trauma.
1. When and where in Australia did Somalis migrate to? Somalia is located in the eastern side of Africa. Majority of the 6 million (1991 population) individuals in the Somali community migrated to Australia, Victoria in early 1991. They specifically chose to migrate to Victoria due to its reputation for embracing multiculturalism.
The novel ‘Jasper Jones’ by Craig Silvey is centred around a young man named Charlie Bucktin living in the little Australian town of Corrigan in the late 1960 's. Charlie is presented with the issues of racial prejudice, shamefulness, and moral dishonesty. He is tested to address the idealism of right from wrong and acknowledges that the law doesn 't generally maintain equity. The thoughts are depicted through Silvey 's utilization of story traditions which are to either challenge or reinforce our values, states of mind and convictions on the issues brought before us. The 1960 's was an extremely dull period for numerous individuals whose race was recognizably unique - different to that of the “white” population.
The ‘White Australia Policy’ was first put in place by the federal government in 1901. The overall aim of the policy was to limit non-white immigration, especially Asians. At the time, 98% of Australia’s population were white; Australia wanted to maintain this number, and aim to have the country mainly consist of British people. With most of the country already white, the majority of Australians supported the policy when it was first introduced; this is because the white Australians were concerned about losing their jobs to non-white workers. They believed a restrictive immigration policy was the only way to ensure a secure future.
This was one of the first acts to be passed by the new parliament and was extremely explicit. The overall aim of this and other related legislation was to limit non-white immigration to Australia, particularly Asian immigration, and thereby preserve the predominance of the British within Australia. The abolition of the policy took place over a period of 25 years. In 1956 residents of Australia who were not of European background were allowed to apply for citizenship, and Japanese war brides were permitted settlement in Australia. During 1940’s and 1950’s, the Australian population was predominantly made of British and other European ethnic communities.
During the 1850s, an idea of uniting Australia as one and forming a federation slowly emerged into the society. Many different opinions came up and at first but the idea didn’t appeal to many leading for it to be abandoned and left untouched for years. The communication and transport between nations was put behind the interests of the people as each colony thought that their own interests were more important and should be placed first. In the 1880’s though, people starting to give some serious thought on the idea of combining the nations that made up of Australia at that time and thoughts such as an uniform law system started to break the surfaces. On January 1st 1901, Federation was finally achieved and Australia was truly united as one.
The case of Chen v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2013) 216 FCR 241 presents a valuable example of a real-life situation that highlights the significance of understanding and interpreting the law that applies to Australian Migration practice. The case was about whether a valid visa application has been made by the appellant in accordance with Regulations 2.10 of the Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth) (the Regulations) which required applications for particular visa be made at an “office of immigration” in Australia. LEGAL ISSUES RAISED BY THE CASE: • The Minister did not consider Chen’s visa application for Class DF subclass 892 as valid because the application reached the Department’s Processing Centre one day after her existing
Introduction Australia is said to be a multicultural and multiracial country. So why can’t we, as a country and as a nation, say yes to immigrants fleeing from a different country? As immigration to Australia is supposably apart of our history and it would be wrong not to continue on with the actions of our ancestors. Paragraph 1 As of 2014 – 2015, Australia accepted 13,750 refugees in total. Paragraph 2 • What are refugees and asylum seekers?
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) health is a legally obligated human right, which the government is expected to uphold and protect for the enjoyment of “all people without discrimination” (1). Australian legislation is the antithesis of the WHO’s definition, evidenced by the 1905 Aboriginies Act. The Act 'enshrined in policy the practice of child removal and entrenched paternalistic, racist, controlling and ultimately destructive attitudes towards Aboriginal people', research argues (2). It wasn't until 1962 that Aboriginal iAsuatralia gained the right to vote in Commonwealth elections, and only after the 1967 National Referendum that the Australian Constitution's race clause was eliminated, signifying the start of Indigenous Australians' citizenship rights. These developments were brought about by a social movements led by Indigenous people that arose during the 1950s and 1960s, which vigorously advocated for Aboriginal self-determination, sovereignty, and community control.
Australia has always been filled with racism, starting with the treatment of indigenous people in the past. Many Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families as a result of numerous government policies. Most of the indigenous children were adopted into white families. They wanted to create a white society.
