Under Peter the Great, the Russian Orthodox Church was impacted in a variety of ways, ranging from general bureaucratization and administrative changes to a divorce of the language of the church from the Russian language at large. As part of Peter’s strive toward Europeanization, he came to view the current state of the Russian Orthodox Church, like much else in Russia, as “backwards” and behind the west, and in this case like in many others, he sought to “fix” that. Administratively, the church was bureaucratized. Most obviously, the official head of the Russian Orthodox Church was no longer a high ranking member of the clergy, but rather the Most Holy Governing Synod, effectively subservient to the monarchy. This squarely placed the church
Peter the Hermit, a priest of Amiens, who may, have attempted to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem before 1096, and have been prevented by the Turks from reaching hisdestination. It is uncertain whether he was present at Pope Urban II's great sermon at Clermont in 1095; but it is certain that he was one of the preachers of the crusade in France after that sermon and his own experience may have helped to give fire to his eloquence. He soon leapt into fame as an emotional revivalist preacher: his very ass became an object of popular adoration; and thousands of peasants eagerly took the cross at his bidding. The crusade of the pauperes, which forms the first act in the first crusade, was his work; and he himself led one of the five sections of the
Catholic clergy had spent centuries preaching on the superiority of the celibate, but the Protestant Reformation brought an end to that stigma. Calvin and other prominent Protestant leaders touted marriage as the vehicle to fulfill humanity’s call to ‘multiply across the Earth [from the Biblical book of Genesis].’ As such, marriage ministries were developed in churches to facilitate marital relationships (Document 5). Calvin’s stated
Peter the Great is one of the historical heroes for Russia. He is best known for modernized Russia and led to the Westernization of Russia (orient Russia toward Europe). Even though, one of Peter’s reform was his change in the rule of succession, but it wasn't the most affecting. Peter was determined to reform the military of Russia is the most impactful because it led to the “birth of Empire” (Cracraft 88-99). Before Peter came along, the Russia’s military was mostly consist of villagers, led by the village elders into battle to protect the country.
A priest's wife frequently simply became his concubine, a significant social downgrade! and in other instances, priests lived on their own and went to brothels or other places for sex. However, a real shift had taken place. In the past, clergy celibacy was always encouraged; now, it was required. Under the enthusiastic initiative of Gregory VII, clerics were solidly requested to live modestly, “with no wives and children to distract them from parochial duties or to claim the ecclesiastical property as their own” (Bennett, 172).
" This statement would account with the practice that women could not be in the presence of men unless they were a relative to the priest. Punishment also seemed to extend outside of the Roman Catholic Church to women who practiced concubinage. Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1225 C.E. stated that The concubines of priests and clerks who will be beneficed or ordained into sacred orders shall be deprived of an ecclesiastical burial, unless they truly and entirely correct themselves…. Neither shall they receive the kiss of peace nor the blessing of bread in church….
Other ways in which Catholics worshipped in the church of Saint Paul the Apostle was by stating a prayer over the many artworks featured on the walls and sculptures throughout the church. People would walk over to a statue or painting and kneel before it as a form of prayer and they worshipped those featured in the artworks, many of which were figures important to Christianity. They also worshipped through the many burning candles throughout the church. These candles are called votive candles, or prayer candles and they are usually white or beeswax yellow, and are burned as a votive offering as an act of prayer (Saunders). Candles are important to Christianity, and even Judaism, because their light was said to show the presence of God in a
The protestant reformation was caused by the breaking down of authority and power of the catholic church. Europe was impacted with wars between catholic and protestants because leaders try to break free from the century old grip of the catholic church. The monarchs wanted to build bigger armies so they can control the people more but to do that they would have to raise the taxes and the people did not like that so the peasants started to revolt. The more the peasants revolted the bigger the armies got and the bigger the armines got the higher the taxes were so that made the peasants mader and mader.
Luther believed that the Catholic Church was full of falsities and clerical malpractices, and it was this belief of corruption that pushed Luther – along with the majority of Western European Civilization – to desire a reform that would correct all problems within the church (“European Religion During the Early 16th Century”). One of Luther’s main goals, which was supported by Chancellor Thomas Cromwell, during the Reformation was to translate the original text of the Bible into English, which caused many people to fear that it would take away from the original intended meaning of the biblical word; however, to their relief, the traditional church services were still held in Latin even after the Reformation. As a result of this reform movement,
Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation was a European Christian movement. This movement, led by Martin Luther reformed the Roman Catholic Church practices and begin Protestantism. The reformation started because of the corruption of Roman Catholic Church. The corruption that begin the protestant reformation was phony relics and indulgences. The church priests would sell these relics to poor people knowing that they were fake and build on lies only to make money for the church.
The Second Vatican Council was started by Pope John XXIII who was already ‘different’ from his predecessors. He diverted from so called ‘traditional’ papacy, had a brighter personality and travelled more than any other Pope. He wanted to call an Ecumenical council to bring the Church up to date which then led into the Second Vatican Council. As a result of Vatican II, many aspects of the Eucharistic celebration have changed, such as Eucharist, Liturgy and Sacraments and also leadership and responsibility. Eucharist, or Holy Communion is the celebration of the Last Supper – the last meal that Jesus ever shared with His Disciples.
Remaining celibate was hard for many priest and often have concubines. Throughout the Middle Aged, celibacy did become more relaxed. In the Council of Vienna 1312, it was suggested that the Catholic Church consider the idea of converting to the Greeks idea of clerical marriages. The Greeks used marriage as a way to convert people to the orthodox religion. The church believe that if a catholic woman married and eastern man, then they could convert their husbands to Catholicism and the church would gain more followers.
Many people may find themselves in the financial position of having more debt than they can realistically pay with their income. There are several reasons people get in over their heads in debt and some of these reasons are good for getting debt settlement. The best way to start reducing the amount they have to pay is to send a debt settlement agreement letter to their creditors. The letter needs to clearly state the hardships that have caused the debtor to be unable to pay his or her debt. The person will not be successful in reducing his or her debt if they say they made too many purchases and now they can’t pay for them.
As we look around there is much concern about the waste of America, how it is disposed, what affect it has on the environment today and the future. Although technology has advanced from what we once used to deposal of waste, there is still much concern. Even though we use garbage grinders, compaction trucks and pneumatic collection systems, we have noticed that using open dumping and improper incineration of solid waste is having a huge impact on pollution issues and health issue to mankind. There are different categories of how waste is determined.
Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried. These religions consider that, outside of marriage, deliberate sexual thoughts, feelings, and behavior are sinful; clerical celibacy also requires abstention from these. In the West, Rome began to require all clergy to be celibate. Clerical celibacy is mandated for all clergy in the Latin Church except deacons who do not intend to become priests. Exceptions are sometimes admitted for ordination to transitional diaconate and priesthood on a case-by-case basis for married clergymen of other churches or communities who become Catholics, but ordination of married men to the episcopacy is excluded.
