In New York, the Bakeshop Act was a state labor law that prohibited employees from bakery institutions to work more than sixty hours in a week or more than ten hours per day. Joseph Lochner, a baker in Utica, New York, permitted an employee to work more than the limited sixty hours per week at his bakery. He was then fined for breaking the Bakeshop Act. Lochner appealed his conviction on the grounds that the law violated his freedom to contract under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth