2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ARUNDO DONAX AS A BIOMASS CROP
2.1.1 Overview of Biomass Crops
According to Bassam (2010) and McKendy (2001), biomass is defined as the recent organic matter which originates from the photosynthetic conversion process in plants. It can be derived from a number of sources and ultimately used for several purposes. Sources of biomass can be classified into four main categories namely, woody plants (forestry wastes), herbaceous grasses (Miscanthus, Arundo Donax), aquatic plants (algae) and manures (Bush, 2015). Biomass crops have always been used as a major source of energy for a wide range of purposes ranging from use as chemical feedstock to production of electrical or heat energy (McKendry, 2001). For each function for which the crop is to be used, the properties differ. However, ideal energy crops are those which have more or less the following general characteristics, according to McKendry, 2001:
• High yield of biomass
• A composition with low percentage of contaminants
• Low energy input and hence, low cost of production
• Low requirements in terms of additional nutrients
Therefore, when choosing a crop for use for bioenergy production, it is important to carry out tests to determine the extent to which the crop meets the characteristics above and can thus, be considered suitable for its purpose. In line with this, it is important to clearly figure out the bioconversion technique that is to be used, the final product desired and the country of
The targets outlined in the document lack clear definitions and are vague in its wordings. Therefore, it is impossible to impose an exact measurement on any possible progress achieved. However, taking into account of the traditional ways of defining concepts and understanding issues, it is not difficult to achieve a rather general but accurate conclusion on the success or failure of reaching the targets. In short, by itself, the targets are not measurable, but with the past study and research accounted, the progress are very much comparable.
Section 7.1 emphasizes the universal access to modern energy (UN, 2014).
Burns Bog is a domed bog which is approximately 3000 hectares in size and is mostly covered by peat. Under this peat, is a layer of deltaic sand which was deposited from the creation of the Fraser River over 5000 years ago (Comprehensive Guide to Burns Bog). This was when the Fraser River was a low wetland and as flooding occurred, sediments were carried and accumulated. Over the past 150 years, dykes and draining changes have impacted the vegetation (more dryer plants). This is a reason why only two-thirds of the bog remains today.
“Brush Fire” by Linda Thomas and “Santa Ana” by Joan didion are essays written about the Santa Ana winds of southern California. These malevolent winds start as a cool high pressure front in the Great Basin east of California. As the wind from the high pressure system fall down the back side of the mountains east of southern California. As the winds fall down the west side of the mountains they are warmed by the desert and sun and increase in temperature and speed as they wind through the narrow mountain passes and canyons producing an extremely hot dry wind that torments Southern California and northern Baja Mexico. Both Thomas and Didion have different views on the wind they seem to agree on one thing, that everyone knows when the winds are
Sherpa fire in Santa Barbara grows to 4,000 acres overnight, putting about 140 homes at risk and closing down major freeways according to federal officials.
The fire started on Wednesday afternoon on coastal hills north of Santa Barbara. It had moved through overgrown hillsides and canyons that have not been burned in over 60 years because of the hot and dry weather and notorious “sundowner” winds.
Sundowners, similar to Santa Ana winds, fuel many of the fires in the Santa Barbara County.
It was a late and rainy October night. Three kids at the age of 10 wanted to go on a journey to Ash Forest. They told their parents that they were having a sleepover that night. They left after the parents were asleep at 12:00am. When they arrived at Ash Forest, a loud whistling sound with strong wind came from the trees.
Because the topic of industrial hemp is so controversial, it is important to bring forth the reasons as to why the plant shouldn't be feared. The reason this plant is opposed by so many is because it is assumed that hemp and marijuana are the same. While the two are very closely related, Brady brings attention to the fact that “hemp has a percentage of 0.3% of trahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive ingredient in the cannabis plant, while marijuana has anywhere between 3% and 20%” (para 4). To label the two as the same is far from accurate. “The term 'industrial hemp' is a phrase that specifically denotes the use of benign strands of the cannabis plant strictly for agricultural and industrial purpose” (para 4).There are some twenty-five thousand
William Faulkner- Barn Burning
“Barn Burning” by author William Faulkner is a coming age that was discovered from the life of Sartoris Snopes as he was taught to deal with the issues that involved right and wrong . From the text, the author written; “You’re getting to be a man”. But unfortunately, Sartoris believes that violence is a part of manhood, something he learns from his father. However, regardless of the bad sides he got from his father, he has inherited the innocence and morality from his mother.
5. Why Under Milk Wood was famous ?
Nowadays we use high technology in many countries in the world. As the development of media begin, it is still continue until now.
Yasmin Givens
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects and results of agricultural runoff, as well as how varying types of fertilizer (conventional and time-released) may affect the ever-growing problem of eutrophication. If the conditions of agricultural runoff are simulated, then the algae will grow plentifully and consequently kill the other life in the water. If the different types of fertilizer are tested (conventional and time released), then the time released will be best to support and sustain the life in the simulated ecosystem.
A major problem present today is agricultural runoff.
Fossil Fuels have been used as a fuel since the start of the Industrial Revolution. In 1790 the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increased because of this. These gases will remain there for over hundreds of years. I will take centuries for the natural processes to bring down the levels of the green house gases to a normal level. Because of this their warming influence will remain on our Earth for the coming Century
The purpose of this lab was to test the effect of pollution on algae growth. Through a series of experiments that lasted a month, four of the six hypotheses were proven to be correct or partially correct.
The first hypothesis stated that if 0.5 mL of salt was added to algae, then the algae would grow slower than the positive control. This was proven correct, as shown by the difference of the data from the positive control and the container with 0.5 mL of salt in it.
In Hindu religious mythology the tree is adored as the Earth Mother as its natural product is thought to be so feeding as to be the medical attendant of humankind (Onions,1994). In India, it is regular to eat gooseberries saturated with salt water and turmeric to make the harsh natural products satisfactory. There are two assortments of Amla - developed (gramya) and wild (vanya). The wild amla is little, while developed amla is huge, smooth and succulent. Synthetic creation of the amla natural product contains over 80% of water.
RESEARCH QUESTION
Which one has a higher rate or respiration between dicotyledonous (peas) and monocotyledonous (maize) seeds and what is the effect of temperatures (room temperature, 40, 60) on the rate of respiration as determined by oxygen usage estimated with a respirometer?
AIM
The aim of this experiment is to investigate which seed has a higher rate of respiration and how different temperatures (room temperature, 400C, 600C) affects the rate of respiration of dried, fresh and germinating monocotyledonous (peas) and dicotyledonous (maize) seeds.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are NOT a renewable energy resource it will finish up one day
As once we 've burned them all, there isn 't any more, and our consumption of fossil fuels has nearly doubled every 20 years since 1900.
This is a particular problem for Oil, because we also use it to make plastics and many other products
Coal, Oil and Gas are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the fossilized remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
