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Ethnographic Literature Review

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Literature review on research design: Ethnographic studies

Introduction: Research is a continuous process. The growth, development and progress of an organisation, nation, society and mankind depend on scientific research and development. There can be no material or intellectual progress without research. It is the backbone of all inventions and discoveries. The Webster’s dictionary defines research as a “careful, critical inquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, diligent investigation in order to ascertain something”. The encyclopedia of social sciences defines research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether the knowledge aids in …show more content…

The realist ethnography is a traditional approach used by cultural anthropologists. Characterized by Van Maanen (1988), it reflects a particular stance taken by the researcher toward the individuals being studied. Realist ethnography is an objective account of the situation, typically written in the third person point of view and reporting objectively on the information learned from participants at a site. In this ethnographic approach, the realist ethnographer narrates the study in a third-person dispassionate voice and reports on what is observed or heard from participants. The ethnographer remains in the background as an omniscient reporter of the facts. He also reports objective data in a measured style uncontaminated by any personal bias, political goals, and judgment. The researcher may provide mundane details of everyday life among the people studied. The ethnographer also uses standard categories for cultural description (e.g., family life, communication networks, work life, social networks, and status systems). The ethnographer produces the participants’ views through closely edited quotations and has the final word on how the culture is to be interpreted and presented. For many researchers, ethnography today employs a “critical” approach (Carspecken & Apple, 1992) by including in the research and advocacy perspective. This approach is in response to current society, in which the systems of power, prestige, privilege, and authority serve to marginalize individuals who are from different classes, races, and genders. The critical ethnography is a type of ethnographic research in which the authors advocate for the emancipation of groups marginalized in society (Thomas, 1993). Critical researchers typically are

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Ethnographic research is usually the study of people in their real environment and world where they interact with each other and not in artificial laboratories. Ethnographic research is meant gather information on how people live and what they believe in. The book Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down exemplifies strongly the ethnographic research as it tries to analyze the culture of the Hmong and their relation with the rest of the US people who do not live in that refugee camp. First, the Hmong people are those people who strongly believe in their culture. Laws and Chilton, (p.185) says that they do not interact with the other cultures freely in matters dealing with their health.

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462 Words | 2 Pages

In the article, “Anthropology Inc.”, Graeme Wood describes how anthropologists study a specific group of people, and how anthropologist practice research. When I was reading the article, the first example was the study of “Corrida de lesbianas” in home parties. Their goal was to write an ethnographic survey of drinking parties. The anthropologist approached to the study of this people by focusing on what, when, and how people drank Vodka.

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1613 Words | 7 Pages

Its insightful and thought-provoking nature beckons us to contemplate the complex machinery that governs our society and the profound implications it holds for marginalized communities. It unveils the institutional structures that perpetuate inequality and contribute to the unjust treatment experienced by marginalized communities. Through its illumination of these dynamics, the narrative

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1064 Words | 5 Pages

The term “practice” signifies interventions that can enhance a person ’s well-being (USDHHS, 2017). Whereas, the term “research” implies the entire experimental process of testing a hypothesis (USDHHS, 2017).

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921 Words | 4 Pages

Reading and Reimagining Social Life In Allan Johnson’s Privilege, Power, and Difference, Patricia Hill Collins describes the Matrix of Domination as an intersectionality between all the isms, especially racism and sexism. Collins describes this cycle of domination saying “that each form of privilege is part of a much larger system of privilege” (Johnson, 52). Work for change needs to focus on the idea of privilege in all forms and the way in which it enables people to think in relation to inequality and power. The only way to understand the matrix, is by understanding its dimensions.

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1353 Words | 6 Pages

Factors that contribute to privilege, power, and oppression include who has power, how is that power being used, and what social groups are being affected. This year I began working in Target’s return department where employees are supposed to, what feels like stereotyping, call out shady and weird-acting people who are most often appearing to be houseless or on drugs. Because of certain types of individuals that frequent our story in Janzen Beach, we do not return certain products without proof of purchase. However, one day we made an exception for on customer and did not for another by a manager. Later in the day I confronted the manager and expressed my frustrations that our personal biases were getting in the way of helping our customers equally and expressed that certain people or groups are less likely to express their frustrations or ask for a manager when they are denied a return in comparison to others.

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920 Words | 4 Pages

Through interviews and reactions from Adam Yamaguchi, from the CBSN Originals, this documentary shares interviews from a varying number of teachers, students, and parents and ask their different points of view and how do they interpret the critical race theory. Activists and parents oppose the critical race theory and point out. Their claims on how schools teach their children “too young and too far” when teachers are teaching students the history of the United States and the effects of ethnicity and race in a minority’s daily lives (The Critical Race Theory, 5:21). Then, John adds on how the “critical race theory is wrong by implying that black people are in a permanently down condition or that it could change by some revolution in the way people think that deep we know is never going to happen” (The Critical Race Theory, 8:34). Although this may be true on the other hand, in an online critic meeting held by Moms for Liberty, an organization against the critical race theory, they are opposing the school district’s efforts to combat the critical race theory.

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The article Critical Race Theory: An Introduction did a great job explaining in detail what critical race theory was. Offering Jean Harris personal experience, made the reader understand the limited amount of minority readings. Although it lacked information concerning the relationship CRT had to other previous movements and philosophers. Aside from this, the article did fulfill its purpose of informing readers of the origins of CRT and how it was a stepping stone for future developments and movements. The article WHITE PRIVILEGE, COLOR AND CRIME: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT, is an important article concerning whiteness.

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1790 Words | 8 Pages

The theme of marginalization in society and how it has impacted on people’s lives is a significant theme for all. Marginalization is where a certain group of people are treated differently than others due to their race, gender or beliefs. The marginalized are not usually considered “main stream”, which means to have the power in society, and thus have no say in how you are treated. We see this theme in four texts, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, To Kill a Mockingbird directed by Robert Mulligan (1962), The Test by Angelica Gibbs and The Worn Path by Eudora Welty. Each of my selected texts has a character who is marginalized (Crooks & Tom Robinson & Marian & Phoenix Jackson) and is considered not part of the mainstream of society, consequently

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558 Words | 3 Pages

Without applying intersectionality in analysis, oppression can only be understood in general terms, which can cause forms of oppression to become undetected (Mattsson, 2014). Instead, intersectionality, demonstrates the complexity of gender, sexuality, class, and race avoiding stereotypes as a whole, rather than simplifying an individual based on one characteristic (Mattsson, 2014). For example, when I was working at a Community Centre in the Jane and Finch area, I had a conversation with my co-worker. He described the barriers and struggles he has faced because of his race and socioeconomic status. It was through this conversation that I realized the pre-conceived notions my co-worker had about me, as a white individual who did not grow-up in the same neighbourhood.

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765 Words | 4 Pages

Critical Whiteness Studies responds to the invisible and normative nature of whiteness in predominantly white societies, criticizing racial and ethnic attribution of non-white subjects who have to grapple with their deviation from the set norm, and opening the discussion on white privilege that results from being the unmarked norm (Kerner: 278). As Conway and Steyn elaborate, Critical Whiteness Studies aims to “redirect[...] the scholarly gaze from the margins to the centre” (283) and, more specifically, to interrogat[e][...] the centre of power and privilege from which racialization emanates but which operates more or less invisibly as it constructs itself as both the norm and ideal of what it means to be human. (ibid.) Thus, Critical Whiteness

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2821 Words | 12 Pages

Research philosophy Research philosophy lay down the background of how researchers understand the world, the choice of research philosophy reflect our knowledge, experiences, preconceptions, and research capability. Thus our knowledge, experiences and etc., which underpin the philosophy choice, will determine our research paradigm, strategy, design and method. (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 128-129).

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1376 Words | 6 Pages

Kareen Harboyan English 1C Professor Supekar March 15, 2018 Word Count: Crenshaw’s Mapping the Margins: The Marginalization of Women of Color Analyzed Through Generalization and A Feminist Lens Crenshaw's Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color expands on the multifaceted struggles of women of color and the generalizations ingrained in society that limit women of color and keep them in a box. In this text, Crenshaw builds on the concept of intersectionality which proposes that social categorizations such as gender and race are intertwined and have great influence on one another.

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737 Words | 3 Pages

Ethnography is the study of social interactions, behaviours, and perceptions that occur within groups, teams, organisations, and communities. The central aim of ethnography is to provide rich, holistic insights into people’s views and actions. (Reeves et al, 2017). The term ethnography has come to be equated with virtually any qualitative research project where the intent is to provide a detailed, in-depth description of everyday life and practice. Qualitative research can be described as social science research in comparison to quantitative research is statistically orientated research (Hoey, 2017).

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1622 Words | 7 Pages

Science provides a wealth of knowledge that can be tapped to enhance the provision of healthcare in the world. Science and healthcare are closely interconnected and there is need to come up with measures that enhance the positive use of science in the healthcare setting. Healthcare personnel are trained using scientific methods, and day to day operations at healthcare facilities are based on science. Treatment plans such as different medicines, surgery and laboratory procedures are all based on scientific methods. However, if not used properly, science can also create problems to healthcare provision.

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