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Marxian-Class Analysis Of Income

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Marxian class analysis of income begins with the recognition that different kinds of relationships among individuals in a capitalist society which relate to the production, appropriation and distribution of surplus, produce different kinds of income. Such incomes can be classified into class and non-class components. a) Fundamental and subsumed class incomes: The capitalist fundamental class process produces income flows to both productive labourers and appropriating capitalists: v+s. The income flow to the labour, v, involves an equivalent exchange of labour power. In contrast, the income flow to the capitalist, s, involves no exchange. Other relationships which exclude the capitalist fundamental class process but do involve the distribution …show more content…

Relations between, say, bankers and their employees, employees hired by merchants, landlords, money-lenders and state functionaries fall under this category of individuals selling unproductive labour power to subsumed class. Since, these set of individuals do not come under any class process, we call such flows of value, non-class incomes and designate them as nc. Combining fundamental, subsumed and non-class incomes, Resnick and Wolff propose a general formulation of the class analysis of income distribution: Y=v+s+ssc+nc Any industrialist capitalist enterprise may be engaged in a number of class and non-class processes that can generate three forms of revenues. The enterprise receives surplus value if its board members participate in the fundamental class process and occupy fundamental class positions. If they provide conditions of existence to other industrial capitalists, they then occupy subsumed class positions and receive subsumed class revenues. Finally, if they participate in non-class processes the board member receive non-class revenues. All three must be added to obtain total revenues of the enterprise. Therefore, total revenue of any enterprise can be shown as SV+SCR+NCR where SV is its surplus value, SCR, the subsumed class revenue and, NCR, the non-class

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The dominant classes in society accumulate wealth off of expropriating the labor of society. One German economist Karl Marx has said, “The ideas of the ruling class are, the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class, which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. The ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relationships, the dominant material relationships grasped as ideas.” Karl Marx shows that when you are considered a higher class, which means you produce the resources need by society, you control what happens to society.

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According to Marx society was divided into two classes that were in eternal conflict in the battle for resources, or as Marx coined; “the means of production”. The first class were the bourgeoisie, which Marx described as the sole owners of the means of production as well as the media. The bourgeoisie used their power and influence to exploit the second class, which Marx called the proletariat which consisted of all the workers of the world. Marx rejected the idea that the wealthy pulled themselves from their own bootstraps, which he called “false consciousness” and in return coined the term “class consciousness”, which referred to a persons awareness of their own social status, especially in terms of class conflict. Overall, Marx concluded that social order is created maintained by domination and power.

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Discussion about Social class and poverty in America According to the textbook of Introduction to sociology, a social class is defined as a social ranking according to the economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility. Sociologist Daniel Rossides describes five social class: the upper class, the upper-middle class, the lower middle class, the working class and the lower class. Social class is decided by achieved and ascribed characteristics, and we can change our class by achieved work. Social class has powerful impacts on a person’s life.

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In America after World War Two, citizens were split between classes based on their economic stability. Americans today still look at these classes and define these people as better off or worse off than the next person. Why do people judge others for having less money than them? Why do employers send lower class citizen away when they need the money the most? These are some question that citizens in the lower or middle class have when they are looking at their position in America’s economic system.

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The first one, titled, “hyper patrimonial society”(Piketty 247), highlights the generic method of wealth accumulation, usually dominated by unequal societies. The second method of wealth accumulation, which Piketty notes as, “hyper meritocratic society”, highlights the peak of income hierarchy dominated by a very high income of labor rather than inherited wealth.(Piketty 265). Ironically, Piketty, himself, criticizes the truly “ meritocratic” nation of such a society and extends to the idea of a world with super managers being more adequate. Such form of society, recently emerged in the US, is , according to Piketty, “the peak of the income hierarchy dominated by very high incomes from labor rather than by inherited wealth” ( Piketty 265).  As a result, such form of wealth accumulation is not necessarily binded to an industrial corporation rather income is, often, generated within the spectres of financial enterprises, much like the motto of

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When using a Marxist lens the viewer must focus on social classes and how power is distributed throughout these classes, including who holds the power and who is inferior to that power in the society. One question that might come about when viewing the

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Karl Marx who was an economist, during 19th century established an idea between wealthy and rich. According to “Three Great Economists”, Karl Marx believes that “the class struggle itself, expressed as the contest over wages and profits, would be the main force for changing capitalism and eventually undoing it” (33). Here Marx shows that there will always be difference between classes in capitalism and the only technique can be use to change this concept is to ruin a capitalism. This shows that income inequality is something we cannot fight with in capitalism, because no matter what we do we always will have this problem. People will always want more, and some will achieve it and other won’t.

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It is argued that social inequality occurs because of the conflict between the upper-class and the working-class, or as Marx defines it, the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat. Based on the Manifesto of the Communist Party (Marx and Engels, 1848), the divergence emerges because the aim of the Bourgeoisie is to obtain a surplus-value that is produced by the work of the Proletariat. On the other side, the Bourgeoisie provides the Proletariat with the minimum required, such as a place to live and a minimum wage, in order to keep the society under control and avoid a rebellion. However, Marx did predict a revolt of the working-class that would eventually lead to a communist regime. When it comes to applying this theoretical approach to reality, it is evident to notice that no global revolt in regards to capitalism has occurred.

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For Marx, he considered class in relation to the means to production. He saw a shift from a feudal society on agriculture, where the land owning classes are classified from the peasant class. Scribes, information dealers, intelligencia and civil servants, who did not contribute to the production in the economy, are considered of no use and ar classless. On the other hand, Weber saw class on several layers (Bartle, 2007). Such differences can be understood in a sociological perspective.

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According to Edwards et al. (2006) Marx thought that within capitalism there would be an increased divide between the bourgeoisie class and the proletariat class in the future. The proletariats are lower of the two classes, the people who have to work for wages in order to survive. The bourgeoisie are the people in society who controlled and owned the means of production in a capitalist system.

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Pierre Bourdieu, on the other hand, extended his work beyond economics and touches upon other aspects of life to provide comprehensive explanation of class phenomena in the society. Thus my paper will seek to explain the class from these two sociologist’s view point and also I will explain the factors that lead to the formation of the working class according to these social theorists. Marx, in his conflict theory, argues that inequalities of power, wealth and status in the society are all the consequences of social stratification. In his opinion, there are two classes in the society, one possessing immense power and wealth, the ‘Bourgeoisie’, and the other who have minuscule or no wealth at all,

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Social classes are a form of social stratification that refers to the existence of structured inequalities between individuals and groups in society. A social class is a group of people of comparable status, power and wealth which are usually classified as upper class, middle class, and lower class. For each class, there are some specific opportunities available that influence their social life. We can understand about the particularity of the chances through unequal distribution of these opportunities between individuals in social classes. In here belonging to a social class seems to be an obstacle for some individuals to obtain equal opportunity, unlike upper class people.

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Despite the great wealth the United States possesses, it has for long struggled with poverty which is said to be inherited from one generation to another. The culture of poverty hinders those affected from economic betterment however much assistance they obtain from social programs put in place. The term Culture of poverty is believed to have been coined by Oscar Lewis, who suggested that children who grow up in poverty-stricken families are highly likely to adopt the norms and practices that encourage poverty. Thus, these children, he believed, would replicate the adapted values in their lives which would in turn generate a cycle of intergenerational poverty in the long run (Bell et al, 2013). Thus the culture of poverty is a topic which creates heated debates in both the public and political arenas.

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