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Metabolic Pathways Lab Report

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The chemical energy in covalent bonds (C-C and C-H) of glucose are released and converted. The majority of the metabolic pathways are parallel to all organisms. Eukaryotes have many classified metabolic pathways with reactions ensuing inside particular organelles and synchronized by crucial enzymes, these enzymatic activities are either activated or inhibited. The energy currency of cells is known as ATP. The four pathways such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are needed in the harvesting of energy from glucose contained in the food that had been ingested. The aerobic pathways of glucose breakdown involve in the complete oxidization to CO2 and H2O. The glycolysis process involved the conversion of the six-carbon glucose molecule to two …show more content…

This transformation generates both NADH and ATP. In summary, two molecules of ATP have been supplied. The six-carbon glucose molecule transformed into two molecules of a three-carbon sugar phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). ENERGY-HARVESTING REACTIONS The enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase catalysis occurred. For each molecule of G3P that is oxidized, one molecule of NAD+ is reduced to create a molecule of NADH and two molecules of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate. Phosphoglycerate kinase catalyse the allocation of phosphate group from two molecules of BPG to ADP, creating two ATP and two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. The phosphate groups on the two 3PGs forms two 2-phosphoglycerates. The two molecules of 2PG lose water and become two high-energy

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The ability to carry out metabolic processes, or the chemical activity that occurs in all living organisms, is essential to maintaining life. The total metabolism of an organism is made up of anabolic and catabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways expend energy to build important molecules. On the other hand, catabolic pathways release energy to break down important molecules. The energy found in in these pathways is from respiration.

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One molecule of ATP is generated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle. Electron carries that are generated into glycoses and energy from CAC that creates large quantities of ATP. Electrons are used to pass through the chain and move five protons across the mitochondrial membrane cell against the proton. This will result I a force to make the ATP. 14.

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The two reactants in cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration has three products as a result of the reactants. They are carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration takes place when living things convert glucose into cellular energy. The location of cellular respiration is in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion.

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The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

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Cellular respiration is the process by which living cells produce energy by the oxidation of glucose with the formation of the waste products CO2 and H2O. The chemical equation for cellular respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 kcal of energymole of glucose oxidized. To put more simply in words, glucose reacts with oxygen and is broken down to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. This ATP is later used to fuel all vital cellular processes that include nutrition, interaction, and reproduction.

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Abstract All living organisms use their environment to gain energy needed to survive. Cellular respiration is one way this occurs. Cellular respiration happens as enzymes react to other molecules, like fats and carbohydrates, to produce energy. Fermentation occurs when sugar is present resulting in chemical energy.

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(n.d.). Cells use energy in order to grow, regulate metabolism and reproduce. This energy is obtained from a source such as food molecules or light from the sun, and through processes like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, an energy-rich molecule is then created. The cell can then use the energy in the protein molecule to help it function. With the forgoing, we can see that cells utilization of energy is conditionality for the cells carry out their duties effectively and efficiently.

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Through this process there is limit and link between citric acid cycle activity and the stretch of withdrawal of axaloacetate for the process of nucleogenesis. High energy phosphate bond is generated by the action of succinyl CoA synthetase on succinyl CoA to produce succinate fromm the succinyl CoA and the end result is formation of GTP from GDP. The reaction is reversible with phosphate and magnesium ion as cofactors(Rao, 2006). The cleaving of thioesters bond of succinyl CoA by the enzyme produces sufficient energy for the formation of GTP from GTP and phosphate. A molecule of the ATP is formed from the ADP and GTP to GDP in the presence

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Carbohydrates, in particular, are essential to energy production and just cellular function

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Simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, and galactose are converted to a three carbon compound called pyruvate. Because this process occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen, it is termed anaerobic. The net energy yield from anaerobic respiration is two molecules of ATP. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is a metabolic dead end. Although the liver can convert lactic acid to pyruvate and pyruvate back into glucose, this requires the hydrolysis of more

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Role of Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways Summary Metabolic pathways are a sequences of steps found in biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction [3]. Metabolic pathways most likely happen in specific locations in the cell. The control of any metabolic process depends on control of the enzymes responsible for the reactions occur in the pathways. After food is added to the body, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into fats into fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). Enzymes plays an important role in the different metabolic pathways [5].

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Cellular Respiration One of the main essentials of life that all organisms need in order to function in our world is, energy. We receive that energy from the food that we eat. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for a cell to receive the energy stored in food. In cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway, which breaks down the molecules into smaller units, in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, also known as, ATP. ATP, is used by cells in the act of regular cellular operations, it is a “high energy” molecule.

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Ammonia is produced in the mitochondrial matrix by the enzymatic activities of glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is the enzyme that takes the ammonia, bicarbonate and 2 molecules of ATP to produce carbamoyl phosphate. This enzyme activates bicarbonate by the same method used by biotin containing enzymes. In fact carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is homologous to the biotin family of enzymes. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I activates bicarbonate by phosphorylation with ATP to form carboxyphosphate.

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Glycogen phosphorylase manages to use phosphate to catalyze glycogen breakdown by employing the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). This coenzyme forms a Schiff base intermediate with a lysine residue of the enzyme. The 5' phosphate of PLP act as a proton donor and then as a proton acceptor (acid-base catalyst). Orthophosphate acts to donate a proton to carbon 4 of the glycogen chain and simultaneously acquire a proton from PLP. The carbonium ion thus created is attacked by orthophosphate to form alpha-glucose-1-phosphate.

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This results in repositioning of the dipeptidyl tRNA to the ribosomal P site and the deacylated tRNA to the ribosomal E site, from where the tRNA is released into the cytosol. The reaction is catalyzed by enzyme translocase or EF-G in a reaction requiring energy from GTP hydrolysis. The 3 rd codon is now at ribosomal A site and the ribosomes are ready for the next elongation cycle. For each amino acid molecule added to the growing polypeptide chain 2 GTP molecules are hydrolyzed into GDP and

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